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Psychological Scienc

TermDefinition
psychology the scientific study of behavior and metal processes
behavior outward actions; what we can observe
mental processes inward actions; thinking, feeling
scientific study mental behavior processes; mind and behavior
1st goal of psychology and what it is DESCRIPTION- observing a behavior and noticing everything about it (what, where, who, under what circumstances) - noticing something and gathering as much information as possible ex. young child is aggressive - observes, find answers
2nd goal of psychology and what it is EXPLANATION - the why. why it is happening. developing a theory (educated guess) ex. notice aggression is at a certain time of the day. gains a theory of why that may be.
theory educated guess, general observation
theory drives ________ prediction
3rd goal of psychology and what it is PREDICTION. when it will happen again. opportunity to test the theory. ex. may have an idea that the theory is right of why its happening. keep log to see the pattern
4th goal of psychology and what it is CONTROL. modifying behavior, adapting. helping people function more effectively. ex. now this is how we will modify to make the child less aggressive. undesirable -> desirable
Aristotle (384-322 BC) - connection between the soul and the body. aspect of same underlying structure, could not identify.
Plato (427-347 BC) - DUALISM: body and soul separate but interrelated (exist differently, but interact)
Descartes (1596-1650) - mind and body have reciprocal interaction via pineal gland - seat of the soul - separate entities but interact via pineal gland
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) - "father of psychology" - first person to be referred to as a psychology. - wrote a lot, trained other psychologists
Wundt 3 contributions 1. basic elements analyzed via objective introspection 2. objective introspection 3. brought objectivity and measurement to psychology - nonphysical aspects of brain (emotional experience, thought, emotion).
objective introspection process of examining and measuring ones own thoughts and mental activities
what was Wundts first attempt to psychology brought objectivity and measurement
Edward Titchener developed.. structuralism
structuralism focus was on the contents of mental processes rather than their function.
example of dualism under a lot of stress, not only affects mind but also affects body, sick and tired.
what is the 'seat of the soul' pineal gland
who founded first psychological labratory in Leipzig, Germany (1879) Wilhelm Wundt
what did Wundt develop non-physical structures (emotional experience, thoughts)
who brought Wundt's idea to us Edward Titchener
introspection Wundt. process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed. "tell me about things that are yellow"
who developed functionalism William James
functionalism focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, play
William James (1842-1910) - "stream of thought" vs element of mind
who was William James influenced by Darwin's natural selection (behavioral traits)
what did William James focus on psychological traits (eye contact) and adaptation,living, working, playing - functioning in real world
7 modern perspectives psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, evolutionary
Freuds psychoanalysis theory and therapy based on Freuds work
Sigmund Freud psychologist in Austria
Freud focused on... unconscious and early childhood
Freud believed that... patients with "nervous disorder's" - no physical cause
modern psychodynamic perspective continued focus on the unconscious development. development of sense of self and interpersonal relationships.
behavioral theory focus on observable behavior
psychodynamic theory events in our childhood that have a significant influence on our adult lives, shapes personality.
Ivan Pavlov learning behavior classical conditioning
'Pavolvs dogs' salivation in response to the presence of food. salvation reflex could be elicited using a second stimulus, such as a specific sound, that was presented in association with the initial food several times. once learned, could be omitted.
John B. Watsons belief of Behavior all behavior is learned (compare to freud) - fears are learned via experience
"little albert" studied. brought small furry animals for him to play with. tried to condition a fear toward them and worked. after he unconditioned fear in peter and took away the fear of rabbits.
B.F skinner belief of behavior operant conditioning
operant conditioning to explain how voluntary behavior is learned (contrasting Pavlov, his were involuntary) - punishment and enforcement --> not just timeout; also can be falling while walking - learning history applies to choices you make
humanistic theory perspective - people have the freedom to choose their own identity
how was humanistic developed as a reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism
names involved with humanistic theory Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
cognitive theory process of thought - opportunity of cognitive neuroscience (FMRI) - look inside brain
what does cognitive include memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, learning
sociocultural theory relationship between culture and social behavior - how people influence one another (individually or with other people)
biopsychological theory attributes human and animal behavior and mental events to biological factors
biopsychological theory studies... hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, etc. - how they work to influence behavior
evolutionary theory explains useful mental/psychological traits (e.g memory, perception, language) as the functional adaptations that aid in survival of self/offspring
scientific method a system (sequence of steps) for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.
first step of scientific method perceiving the question - notice something interesting happening in your environment that you would like to have an explanation for
perceiving a question is related to which of the 4 goals of psychology description
second step of scientific method form a hypothesis - tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations
forming a hypothesis is related to which of the 4 goals of psychology explanation
third step of scientific method testing hypothesis
testing the hypothesis is related to which of the 4 goals of psychology prediction
fourth step of scientific method drawing conclusions - does hypothesis align with data
drawing conclusions is related to which of the 4 goals of psychology control
fifth step of scientific method report your results - revise
should we let others know if the experiment failed? no. revise things, reflect. replicate: if found something once doesn't mean its done. test similarly with different groups.
naturalistic observation involves watching animals or people in their natural environment ex. students in classrooms, animals in forest
advantages of naturalistic observation better chance of capturing their true and natural behavior
limitations of naturalistic observation lack of control, cant change anything
observer effect behave differently when they know they are being watched
observer bias when a researcher expectations, opinions, or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study - tendency to see things that they expect to see ex. being told prior that she is being aggressive, might misinterpret an action
laboratory observation involves watching animals and humans in an artificial but controlled situation, like a laboratory
advantages of laboratory observation full control over experiment, quicker reactions
limitations of laboratory observation patients aware of experiment (may change behavior), artificial environment, low ecological validity
case study detailed investigations of one subject, small groups, something unique that they have
advantages of case study for special circumstances, collect datas through various means, depth analysis
limitations of case study info gained cant be applied to other cases, vulnerability to bias, small groups not equal to whole population
survey as standardized questions of large groups of people that represent a sample of the population of interest - predetermined
advantages of surveys quick gathering of info, efficient, accessing personal information, generalize it to others.
limitations of surveys - how honest people are in the survey - how does group represent the larger group that we are trying to study
representative sample randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects
correlation a measure of the relationship between two variables
correlation coefficient a number that indicates the strength and the direction of a correlation
what is meant by the direction of the relationship positive or negative
what does it mean when the correlation coefficient is positive variables related in the same direction - both up or down together
what does it mean when the correlation coefficient is negative variables related in opposite direction - one goes up, one goes down
what is meant by the strength of the relationship? how far the value is from 0 - farther from 0, stronger relationship (positive or negative)
what is he only method that allows researchers to determine the cause of a behavior the experiment
variable in an experiment anything that can change or vary
operational definition definition of a variable that allows it to be directly measured (e.g aggressive behavior)
independent variable variable that is MANIPULATED in a experiment
dependent variable variable that represents the measurable response of participants
experimental group group that is exposed to the change that the independent variable represents
control group group that is not exposed to the independent variable
random assignment assigning participants to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each participant has an equal chance of being in either group; reduces the chance that an experiments results will be due to some pre-existing difference between groups
placebo effect expectations and biases of participant's that can affect their behavior - specifically the ones who are impacting the experiment ex. medication
experimenter effect tendency for experimenters expectations to influence the results
single blind study participants do not know if they are in the experiment or control group
double blind study participants nor researchers know if participants are in the experimental or control group
advantages to double blind study remove bias, nothing will impact results
ethics of psychological research (1-5) 1. protection of rights and well being of participants 2. informed consent 3. deception must be justified (cant tell full details - may impact results 4. participants may withdraw at any time 5. participant's must be protected from harm
ethics of psychological research (6-8) 6. confidentiality 7. investigators must debrief participants 8. researchers must correct any undesirables consequences that result from the study
Created by: alyimpellizeri
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