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CJ Final
Question | Answer |
---|---|
There are approx ? courts of general jurisdiction in the U.S | 2000 |
If you are charged with a crime of armed robbery, your trial would take place in which type of court? | A court of general jurisdiction |
Which state most recently created an inermediate appellate court? | Mississippi |
Generally, state appellate decisions are based on court transcripts, however, in some instances the felony court will grant a new trial, which is known as? | The trial de novo process |
How many States currently have an intermediate appelate court in operation? | 39 |
Approx. how many drug courts are ub operation throughout the U.S.? | 1000 |
What is the state court of last resort generally called? | State Supreme Court |
How many states have unified their trial courts into a singlel administrative system? | six |
Criminal appeals represent ? percent of the total number of cases processed by the nations appellate courts? | 25 |
In the traditional model, the cout is seen as the setting of an adversarial procedure | True |
Is is possible for a lower crminal court to sentence a defendant to five years in prison | False |
Most courts of limitedf jurisdiction are organized along town, municipal and county lines of government | False |
The legal basis for the current feederal court system was created by president Franklin Roosevelt | false |
a law degree is mandatory for all judges | False |
To be a judge, a canidate typically cannot be over the age of seventy | True |
Part-Time judges are usually practicing attounreys who volunteer their services for free | True |
The ? are the trial courts of the federal sypstem | U.S. district courts |
The ? is known as the nation's court of last resort | U.S. Supreme court |
The supreme courtisses a ? indicating that it has decided to hear a case | writ of certioran |
Providing more jedges, diversion programs and bail reform are solutions for the problem of? | court congestion |
The three-part judicial selection method of nomination,appointment and confirmation election is known as the ? | missouri plan |
There are approx ? state court prosecutors' offices employing over 79,000 attourneys in the U.S. | 2300 |
Which of the following is not one of the duties of a procecutor? | Maintain adminitrative control over grand jury proceedings |
The prosecutor's title, such as district attorney or U.S. attorney depends on? | The level of government and the jurisdiction they serve |
The term community prosecution refers to? | A prosecutorial philosophy that emphasizes community support and cooperation |
The view that prosecuting minor crimes would represent a waste of time is an example of the ? factors that influence prosecutorial dicretion | System |
A formal written document identifying the criminal charge, the date adn place where the crime occured, and the circumstances of the arrest is known as the? | Complaint |
Which of the following pretrial release mechanisms occurs at the earlest point in the criminal justice process? | A field citation release |
What is another term for an indictment issued by a grand jury? | True Bill |
"District attorney" is usually the title given to the chief prosecutor for a county. | True |
It is very difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of community prosecuiion | True |
Public interest groups, suchas gun control advocates, rarely target prosecutors in their lobbying efforts | False |
Conviction rates for indigent defendants and those with their own lawyears are about the same in federal and state courts | True |
Plea Bargaining is rare in the American Justice System | False |
When a defendant enters a guilty please, he/she mus afmit to all elements of the crime in question | True |
Release on recognizance required a money deposit as in the bail system | False |
Virtually all large jurisdictions have pretrial release programs | True |
Diversion Programs allow a defendant to enter treatment instead of trial | True |
The ethical duties of the prosecutor and defense attorney are outlines in the American Bar Assocatons ? | Model code for professionl responsibility |
Prosecutional ? describes the decision a prosecutor makes in whether or not to prosecute a case | Discretion |
A ? is a counter part to the prosecutor in the criminal process | Defense attorney |
Durng the process of ? defedants are released on their word that they will return to court | release of recogizance |
A ? is the name given to the report of a grand jury investigation | presentment |
What common-law practice allowed judges to suspend punishment so that convicted offenders could seek a pardon, gather new evidence or demonstrate that they had reformed their behavior | Judicial reprieve |
People who made themselves responsible for the behavior of the offender after release from common law court in the middle ages were known as? | Sureties |
When did the federal government establish a probation system for the U.S. district courts? | 1925 |
What happends when probation is revoked? | The probation contract and the original sentence is imposed |
Who supervises hiring and sertermines training needs in the typical probation department? | The chief probation officer |
The first English penal institutions operated under the ? system | Fee |
English penal institutions built in the tenth century were used to ? | hold pretrial detainees and those waiting for thier sentence to be carried out |
What was the name of the British prison reformer and sherriff who wrote the state of prisons and was influential in creating humane standards in the british penal system? | John Howard |
The Pennsylvania system inspired the creation of similar prisons in | New Jersey |
Probation typically involves the suspension of an offenders sentence in exchange for a promise of good behavior in the community | True |
Judges are generally granted to tailor the restrictions of a probation sentence to fit what they deem to be the needs of the individual offender | True |
The probation officer has little to say in the planning of a probationers treatment program | False |
Restitution ranks below probation on the punishment ladder | Falso |
The modern American correctional system had its origins in New York | False |
The Quakers pressured the state legislature to improve condintions in the prisons in Pennsylvania | True |
Rehabilitation has come to replace incapacitation as the guiding philosophy in modern prisons | False |
Restorative Justice seeks to inclue all parties-offender, victim and communitiy in the justice process | True |
During the Middle Ages ? were individuals who made themselves responsible for ofenders on probation or reprive release | Sureties |
A ? is a sentence of incarceration that is not carried out unless the offender disobeys the rules of probation while in the community | suspended sentence |
Programs such as fines and foreiture are examples of ? santions | intermediate |
The Peniteniary house was a central feature of the early ? prison system | Pennsylvania |
Thomas Mott Osborne was an early 20th century prison reformer who led the ? League | Mutual Welfare |
? are facilities that hold both people that are guilty of crime and those hwo are awaiting trial | Jails |
a ? prison houses mainly white collar adn other nonviolent offenders | minimun security |
The U.S. Corrections corporation opened the first ? in 1986 | private state |
The fact that prisons have inmates who are prevented from leaving, forced to obey rules, and under constant scrutiny characterizes them as? | Total institutions |
What factor is said to have precipitated the "new" inmate culture? | The Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s |
What is the most common outcome for children of a single mother when the mother is sent to prison? | They are placed in the care of a relative or family friend. |
Which of the following does not account for the limited rehabilitative treatment available in prison? | The philosophy of greater eligibility |
Which seventeenth-century English laws provided for the appointment of overseers to indenture destitute or neglected children? | Poor laws |
What was the burden of proof for verdicts handed down by the juvenile court? | Preponderance of the evidence |
What impact did the Supreme Court have on the juvenile justice system in the 1960s and 1970s? | It radically altered the juvenile justice system through rulings that established due process rights for juveniles comparable to those of defendants in the adult criminal justice system |
. Which type of case is most likely to be referred to the juvenile court by police? | Cases involving violence |
What is the most common form of juvenile correction? | Release to parental custody |
Inmates must learn to adopt a lifestyle that shields them from victimization while in prison. | True |
An inmate who asks a guard for help is called a punk. | False |
Mail to inmates may be censored or destroyed. | True |
Research has shown that heterosexual male inmates often turn to homosexual sex in prison. | True |
The child-savers movement was made up of middle-class civic leaders who helped poor children. | True |
Charles Loring Brace was the philanthropist who developed the Children's Aid Society. | True |
The efforts of the child savers prompted the development of the first comprehensive juvenile court in 1899. | True |
Early reform schools sought to rehabilitate juvenile offenders. | False |
Acts such as truancy and running away from home are considered status offenses | True |
Given its designed segregation and surveillance, the modern prison is a model of a? | Total institution |
Clemmer coined the term ____________________ process to refer to an inmate's adjustment to prison life. | prisionization |
Female inmates often form groups called ____________________ to cope with prison life. | make believe families |
Prison treatment programs in which inmates leave the institution to work in the community are known as work release or ____________________ programs. | furlough |
The ____________________ were middle-class civic leaders who influenced state and local governments to create institutions called reform schools. | child savers |
The term "agree to a(n) ____________________" is used in place of "admitting guilt" when plea bargaining juvenile cases. | finding |
A juvenile trial is also called a(n) ____________________ hearing | fact-finding |
The ? Amerndment gaurentees the defendant the right to a jury trial? | 6th |
In what case sis the Court rule that all defendant in felony cases have the right to a jury trial? | Duncan vs. Lousiana |
What is the minimum number of jury members allowed in a criminal trial as determined by the Supreme Court in Williams v. Florida? | 6 |
Which of the following rules applies to a six-person jury in a serious felony case? | Their verdict must be unanimous |
What was the most common state administered punishment in ealry Greece and Roman civilizations? | Banishment |
What term was adopted un the 12th century to refer to a breach of faith with one's fuedal lord? | Felonia |
What was the final fate in convicts to North America or Australia once their period of pervice was completed in the colonies? | There were granted pardons to gain theri freedom |
Sentencing for the purpose of gerneral detterence has most to do with ? | Affecting the perception of the general public |
What is another term that retributin advocated use to describe the concept of blameworthiness? | Just deserts |
A six person jury is not allowed in a death penalty case | True |
A person does not ave the right to counsel at trial in a misdemeanor case | False |
Any person who is currently in jail on the basis of a probation violaton who did not have leagal counsel representation at trial is being held unconstitutionally | True |
Criminal trails permit three different types of verdicts | False |
In a criminal case,a preponderance of the evidence is sometimes enough to convict | False |
The beginning of the Enlightenment brought about the end of transporting criminals to America | False |
A sentencing target of eight to twenty-five years in prison is an example of a determinate sentence | False |
More than two thirds of all convicted felons are sentenced to time behind bars | True |
Over 100 countries actively utilize the death penalty | False |
The ? also known as the jury array, is the initial list of people chosen for jury duty | Venire |
A weapon or photography is an example of a pieve of ? evidence | real |
A motion entered by the defense attorney for a ? verdict is a request for the judge to order the jury to return a verdict of not guilty | Directed |
The ? goal of punishment is centered on the idea that the offender should compensate the victim and society for the crime | Equity |
Supporters of the death penalty argue that capital punishment conforms to the requirement that the punishment be ? to the crime | proportional to the crime |
Opponents of the death penalty argue that the ? effect of the death penalty may produce more violence | brutalization |