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Cytology
cytology in human anatomy - Cox College BIOL 205
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How big is a cell? | around 140 micrometers |
| What elements make up 96% of the human body? | oxygen (65%), carbon (18%), hydrogen (10%), and nitrogen (3%) |
| What are the 5 important properties of water? | 1: adhesive 2: cohesive 3: universal solvent 4: resists temperature change 5: less dense as a solid than as a liquid |
| What are compounds that ionize in water and carry an electrical charge? | electrolytes |
| The 3 types of electrolytes are: | acids, bases, and salts |
| The 4 major types of macromolecules are: | proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| How thick is the cell/plasma membrane? | 6.5 - 10 nm (65 -100 A) |
| Name of membrane proteins that are only exposed on one side or the other? | peripheral/surface proteins |
| Name of membrane proteins that transverse the width of the membrane and may possess pores for movement through the membrane? | integral/embedded proteins |
| What is it called when a cell membrane become glycosylated (attached to sugars)? | glycocalyx |
| How small is the size of a pore on an integral protein? | 0.7 - 1.0 nm (7 - 10 A) |
| What are the 6 major protein-specific functions of the plasma membrane? | transport a substance along the membrane, intercellular attachment that hold cells together, anchoring of the cytoskeleton, enzymatic activity , cell to cell recognition , signal transduction for cellular response to messenger molecules |
| What are the 6 major factors that affect membrane transport? | plasma membrane structure, size of molecules, ionic charge, lipid solubility, transport proteins, and concentration gradients |
| What are the 4 types of passive energy? | 1: simple diffusion 2: facilitated diffusion 3: osmosis 4: bulk filtration |
| What are the 6 types of active energy? | 1: active transport 2: exocytosis (secretion) 3: endocytosis (uptake) 4: phagocytosis (uptake solids) 5: pinocytosis (uptake liquids) 6: receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| What is the cytoplasm made of, and what does it do? | 80-90% water. It fills the cells interior and suspends the variety of organelles and inorganic colloids. Site of the metabolic processes, stores nutrients and dissolved solutes |
| What is the plasma membrane made of? | It is a phospholipid bilayer made up primarily by lipids and proteins. |
| What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | It is a flattened intercellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attaches on cytoplasmic surface |
| What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | with ribosomes attached for protein synthesis, primarily secretory proteins (pinch off as vesicles); also, possesses enzymes in the membranous walls that produce some lipids |
| What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes |
| What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | lacks ribosomes; also possesses enzymes in its walls for lipid synthesis, most of the lipids are steroids; also contains enzymes that detoxify poisons (alcohol, drugs, etc.) |
| What is the structure of the golgi apparatus? | stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated shuttle vesicles |
| What is the function of golgi apparatus? | packages secretory granules and plays a role in lysosome formation glycosylates proteins (adds CHOs) to form glycoproteins concentrates proteins (by removing water) in secretory granules |
| What is the structure of the lysosome? | membrane sacs with digestive enzymes |
| What is the function of the lysosome? | digest materials or microbes ingested by the cells; remove old/damaged organelles; self-destruct (autolysis) |
| What is the structure of a peroxisome? | membrane-enclosed sacs |
| What is the function of peroxisomes? | the convert hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism into water |
| What is the structure of the mitochondria? | Double membrane structure with cristae; fluid matrix contents at center |
| What is the function of the mitochondria? | synthesize most ATP during celluar respiration; "powerhouse of the cell" |
| What is the structure of ribosomes? | dense cytoplasmic granules with 2 subunits, may be free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER. Eukaryotic (80s) have 2 subunits of 60s and 40s. Prokaryotic (70s) have 2 subunits of 50s and 30s. |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | synthesize proteins for: 1: use in the cell (free ribosomes) 2: secretion, incorporation into plasma membrane, or lysosomes (fixed ribosomes) |
| What is the structure of cytoskeleton? | organized network of protein filament or hollow tubules throughout the cell |
| What is the function of cytoskeleton? | Provides structural support; facilitates cytoplasmic streaming, organelle and cellular motility, transport of materials, and chromosomal movement and cell division |
| What is the function of the mircotubles? | Microtubules play a role in directing intracellular movement, especially the movement of secretory granules, by using “MAPS” (microtubule associated proteins) – like a conveyer belt. |
| What is the structure of microtubles? | are hollow, tubular rods of various lengths and are composed of protein subunits called tubulin (with two subunits, alpha and beta). 25nm |
| What are vacuoles? | membranous storage chambers of various sizes formed during phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
| What is the structure of microfilaments/fibrils? | are solid, rod-like structures that may occur in bundles composed of proteins, especially actin and myosin 7 nm |
| What is the function of microfilaments/fibrils? | Microfilaments play a major role in muscle contraction. |
| What is the structure of intermediate filaments? | composed of a variety of proteins also contribute to the cytoskeleton and cellular connections and are solid like microfilaments. 8/12 nm |
| What is the structure of centrosomes? | spherical, non-membranous mass or region located near the nucleus that contains the paired, rod-shaped centrioles. |
| What is the structure of centrioles ? | composed of 27 microtubules arranged in a pinwheel fashion with 9 sets of triplets. The pair of centrioles are oriented at right angles to each other |
| What is the function of centrioles? | play a role in mitosis and meiosis (nuclear/cell division) by directing the movement of chromosomes. |
| What types of cells do not have centrioles/centrosome? Why? | Mature muscle and nerve cells because they do not divide. |
| What is the structures of cilia and flagella? | cytoplasmic extensions of the cell with a core of microtubules in the classic "9 + 2" arrangement (nine doublets with a central pair). At the base of each cilium or flagellum is a basal body composed of 9 triplets of microtubules |
| What is the difference between cilia and flagella? | The major difference, cilia are short and numerous, and flagella are long and few in number (usually one). Cilia move substances along a cell surface whereas flagella typically move a cell. |
| What is the function of cilia and flagella? | They act as movement coordinators for each cellular projection. |
| How thick is the nucleus' double membrane? | 40-45 nm |
| How much of the nuclear envelope is made up of pores? | up to 25% |
| What is the space in the nuclear membrane called? | perinuclear cisterna |
| What are the two structures found in the nucleus? | the nucleolus and chromatin, both embedded in the nucleoplasm |
| What is the structure of the nucleolus? | it is a small non--membranous mass composed of protein and RNA |
| What is the function of the nucleolus? | it functions to produce ribosomal subunits (60s & 40s) which leave the nucleus through nuclear pores |
| What is the structure of chromatin? | it is coiled, thread-like genetic material composed of protein and DNA |
| What is the function of chromatin? | it functions to control synthetic activity of the cell via protein (enzyme) synthesis - forms chromosomes |
| Describe mitosis: | cell division where DNA replicates, then divides once |
| Describe meiosis: | nuclear division where DNA replicates, then divides twice only occurs in testes and ovaries |
| What are the steps of mitosis? | 1: Prophase 2: Metaphase 3: Anaphase 4: Telophase |
| Describe prophase: | The first phase in cell division. The replicated chromosomes form a ball inside the nucleus. Elongates microtubules called spindle fibers begin to grow around the centrioles, pushing them apart, eventually the centrioles lie at opposite ends of the cell |
| Describe metaphase: | occurs when the replicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the cell. Spindle fiber grow from each centriole and attach to the centromere of each replicated chromosome |
| Describe anaphase: | begins as the spindle fibers pull part sister chromatids apart at the centromere. after the chromatids are pulled apart is chromatid is called a single chromosome |
| Describe telophase: | begins once a group of single chromosomes arrive at the cell pole. a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes and they form the chromatin inside the new nucleus. A contractile ring of protein single the cell to split creating a cleavage |
| What does DNA stand for? | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What is DNA made of? | Nucleotides |
| What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
| What are the 4 bases found in DNA? | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
| What are the complementary base pairings found in DNA? | A with T and G with C |
| What are the pyrimidines found in DNA? | cytosine and thymine |
| What are the purines found in DNA? | adenine and guanine |
| What does RNA stand for? | Ribonucleic acid |
| What are the 4 bases in RNA? | uracil, adenine, guanine, and cytosine |
| What are the three types of RNA? | Messager RNA, transfer RNA, and Ribosomal RNA |
| What is messenger RNA? | carries the genetic message or "codon" produced from a DNA "triplet"; therefore, has a complementary sequence |
| How long is a codon? | 3 nucleotides long |
| What is transfer RNA? | recognizes mRNA “codon” using a complementary "anticodon" and delivers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain. |
| What is ribosomal RNA? | complexes with proteins to form ribosomes, upon which proteins are produced |
| What codon sequence starts an amino acid chain? | AUG |
| What codon sequences stop an amino acid chain? | UAA, UAG, & UGA |
| What is DNA replication? | DNA makes an exact (or nearly exact) copy of itself |
| What is DNA transcription? | DNA makes RNA |
| What is DNA translation? | protein synthesis (using all 3 types of RNA) and occurs on ribosomes (free or membrane bound) |
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jessie_richards
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