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Unit 1 AP Psych.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plato & Socrates | -mind is separate from the body -we don't learn from experience (preprogrammed) |
| Rene Descartes (1600s) | -brain & body are separate -brain sent fluid (animal spirits) through nerves -memory formed by (animal spirits) filling pores in brain to remember |
| Francis Bacon (1600s) | -founder of modern science -based ideas off of experimentation -researched how humans percieved patterns & how they can be biased with these patterns -when we percieve things wrong, our judgement can be wrong |
| John Locke (late 1600s) | -mind is a "tabula rasa" -- blank slate -mind becomes more aware as more experiences are had -led to empiricism-- what we know comes from experience, & observation/experimentation enable specific observation |
| Wilhelm Wundt (late 1800s) | -1st psychological laboratory (Leipzig, Germany) -tested 2 mental processes (hearing & concientiousness) led to the new science of psychology, not just philosophy |
| Edward Bradford Titchener & structuralism (late 1800s) | -introspection -asking people to self-report when presented with stimuli -showed differences in internal feelings -not reliable, why? -only dealt with a small population -not a lot of correlation -errors in recollection |
| William James & functionalism (late 1800s, early 1900s) | -our mind was adaptive to our environment/survival -everything about our body has a function-- including the mind -present, past, future -allowed Mary Calkins into Harvard -1st woman to earn Ph.D. -actually Margaret Floy Washburn |
| Up to 1900s.. | -psychology was defined as the study of mental processes-- what about behavior? -John Watson & B.F. Skinner redefined psychology as "the study of observable behavior" |
| Watson & Skinner | -science is rooted in experimentation & observation - if psychology gained legitimacy, it must have those elements -unable to observe feelings & such -you can observe behavior from various situations (behaviorism was born in 1960s) |
| Freudian Psychology (psychoanalysis) | -studied how our unconcious & our childhood experiences affect our behavior |
| Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow & humanism | -behaviorism & psychoanalysis = too limiting -focused on how our environment either fostered growth or neglected it -human needs must be satisfied -known as "cognitive revolution & brought mental processes back |
| Nature vs. Nurture | -nature = biology (heredity & genetics) -nurture = environment (learning & experiences) -Charles Darwin & natural selection -traits that enhance survival & reproduction are traits that pass through future generations |
| 3 levels of analysis | 1. biological influences: adaptive traits, brain mechanics, hormonal infls. 2. psychological infl: learned fears & expectations, emotional responses 3. sociocultural infl: prescence of others, peer/group infls, media -together=biopsychosocial approach |
| 7 approaches to psychology (1-4) | 1. behavior: what stims our behavior? (stimuli & behavior) 2. biological: genetics form NS & NS affects psych. 3. cognitive: encode, process, store, & retrieve info. 4. evolutionary: natural selection |
| 7 approaches to psychology (5-7) | 5. humanistic: satisfying needs to reach fulfillment 6. psychodynamic: behavior comes from unconcious drive, personal conflicts, child experiences (stuffing things down) 7. sociocultural: behavior & mental processes vary across situations due to culture |
| social psychologists | -studies how we view/affect one another (attitudes, agression prejudice, & group behavior |
| psychometric/quantitative psychologists | -studies the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, & traits (tests/measurements) |
| biological psychologists | -studies genetic influence on individual experiences |
| developmental psychologists | -studies abilities from birth to death -longitudinal: baby -> old (same person) -cross-sectional: baby -> toddler -> older child -> adolescent -> adult-> etc. (all different people_ |
| cognitive psychologists | -studies the effects of learning & environments on behavior & thoughts (perception, memory, language, etc.) |
| educational psychologists | -studies influences on teaching & learning (not just in schools) |
| personality psychologists | -studies our persistent traits |
| industrial/organizational psychologists | -studies concepts & methods to optimize behavior in workplaces (productivity, personell decisions [HR], consumer behavior) |
| human factors psychologists | -studies how people/machines interact & machines and environments can be safe and easy to use |
| counseling psychologists | -assists with problems in living & achieving a greater well-being |
| clinical psychologists | -treat psychological disorders in individuals or groups (cannot perscribe medication) |
| positive psychologists | -study of human strengths & virtues |
| community psychologists | -deal with mental health problems & advocacy across a community (enhance environment settings) |
| experimental psychologists | -research behavior in humans & animals (motivation, thoughts, memory) |
| forensic psychologists | -study law & psychology (mental health, law enforcement, criminal investigations) |
| health psychologists | -promoting health & preventing disease (design & evaluate practices relating to health) |
| neuro psychologists | -structure & function of nervous system relating to behavior (alzheimer's, dementia, ADHD, autism) |
| rehab psychologists | -work with people that lose some sort of bodily function due to accident, illness, etc. |
| school psychologists | -assess student learning needs & student mental health |
Created by:
lucylovestrand
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