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Chapter 12
Social Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of how people think, feel and behave in social situations | Social Psychology |
| Mental processes used to make sense of our social environment | Social cognition |
| Effect of situational factors and others on one's behavior | Social influence |
| Mental processes used to form judgements and draw conclusions of others | Person perception |
| Principles of person perception: | 1. Your reactions to others determined by your perceptions 2. Your goals determine what info you collect 3. Evaluate others partly on how you expect them to act 4. Your self-perception has an influence |
| Categorize people based on their shared characteristics -automatic and unconscious | Social Categorization |
| Assumption or beliefs about relationships between people, traits, and behaviors. | Implicit Personality Theory |
| Inferring causes of people's behavior including one's own. -the explanation for a particular behavior. | Attribution |
| The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics. | Fundamental Attribution Error |
| To attribute own behavior to external factors. Other behaviors to internal, personal characteristics. EXAMPLE: "He dropped the file cabinet because he was a dim-wit". | Actor-Observer Discrepency |
| POSITIVE outcomes due to INTERNAL characteristics. NEGATIVE outcome due to EXTERNAL factors. -> situational causes. EXAMPLE: "I got a "F" on the test because all of the questions were trick questions". | Self-serving Bias |
| POSITIVE outcomes due to EXTERNAL factors. NEGATIVE outcomes due to INTERNAL characteristics. -> Blaming ourselves for our failures. | Self-Effacing (Modesty) Bias |
| The learned tendency to evaluate an object, person, or issue in a particular way. * Can be negative or positive* | Attitude |
| 3 Components of ATTITUDE: | Cognitive= thoughts or feelings of person or issue. ("In my opinion...") Affective= emotional, includes your feelings ("I am furious because...") Behavioral= did something about it. Which attitudes reflect in action. |
| An unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal that occurs when 2 thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent, typically results from the awareness that attitudes and behavior are in conflict. | Cognitive Dissonance |
| How is Cognitive Dissonance resolved? | 1.) Rationalize behavior- so that it is consistent with attitude. 2.) Change Attitude- so that it consists with behavior. |
| A negative attitude toward a specific social group | Prejudice |
| A cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group. | Stereotypes |
| Group to which we belong. "Us" | In-Group |
| Groups in which we are not a member. "Them" | Out-Group |
| View as similar, even in areas unrelated to group membership criteria. | Out-group Homeogeneity Effect |
| Judge behavior of in-group favorably and out-group members unfavorably. | In-group Bias |
| What are the components of Prejudice? | Cognitive- Combo of stereotypes and in/out group bias. All of your thoughts to prejudice attitudes. Emotional- Intensely negative, hatred, contempt, and fear. Behavioral- Discrimination-> sneering at someone or attacking someone. |
| The tendency to adjust behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms. | Conformity |
| To want social acceptance or approval. | Factors of conformity: Normative Social Influence |
| To want to be correct. Want to always be right. | Factors of conformity: Informational Social Influence |
| The direct action in response to order from authority figure. | Obedience |
| Any behavior that helps another. | Pro-social Behavior |
| Help other without expectations. -want nothing in return. | Altruism |
| People who feels, successful, happy or fortunate are more likely to help others. | "Feel good, do good" effect |
| We tend to be more helpful when we feel guilty | Feeling Guilty |
| More likely to help if we observe others doing the same. | Seeing others helping |
| More likely to help people who are in need of help through no fault of their own. | Deserving help |
| If you know how to help the situation, more likely to help | Know how to help |
| Someone you know-> more likely to help. | Relationship with other needing help |
| Phenomenon in which the greater number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress. | Bystander Effect |
| The responsibility to intervene is shared (or diffused) among all the on-lookers | Diffusion of responsibility |
| People are less likely to help people in ____cities/_____towns. | Big city/Small town |
| When situations are ambiguous and people are not certain that help is needed, less likely to help. | Vague situations |
| We tend to weigh the costs as well as the benefits of helping in deciding whether to act. | Costs outweigh benefits |
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italianbabe330
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