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Research/Intelligenc
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Empiricism / Empirical Data | data gathered through scientific experimentation and/or evidence; founded on the view that direct observation of phenomena is the proper way to measure reality and generate truth about the world |
| Wilhelm Wundt | "father of psychology", established the first psych lab at the University of Leipzig, Germany where he measured reaction time to hearing a ball drop, sought to measure "atoms of the mind" (fastest and simplest mental processes) |
| Edward Bradford Titchener | introduced the idea of structuralism; aimed to discover the structural elements of the mind; engaged people in self-reflection (unreliable since it varies for each person) |
| Structuralism | early school thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind |
| Introspection | A technique used by early scientific psychologists consisting of precise examination and description of an individual's conscious experience, typically in response to stimuli presented by the researcher |
| William James | assumed that thinking developed because it was adaptive (it contributed to our ancestors' survival of the fittest); functionalist; wrote The Principles of Psychology in 1890 |
| Functionalism | school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, explored the function of emotions, memories, willpower, habits, and stream of consciousness and how they help organisms adapt, survive, and flourish |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | allowed by James into his Harvard graduate seminar (so all of the men dropped out); finished the requirements for a Ph.D. with top scores but was denied a Harvard degree; pioneering memory researcher; first woman to be the president of the APA |
| APA | American Psychology Association |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | first female psychology Ph.D., wrote The Animal Mind, second female APA president in 1921, Titchener was her graduate adviser |
| Dorthea Dix | advocate for the mentally ill who highlighted the deplorable conditions in asylums; created the first mental hospitals in the USA |
| Stanley Hall | established first formal US psychological laboratory at Johns Hopkins University; founded the American Psychological Association (APA) |
| Hindsight Bias | after you learn it, you think you knew it all along |
| Hypothesis | statement of the expected relationship between variables |
| Null hypothesis | the assumption that there is no difference between the groups being studied |
| Operational Definition | a detailed description of how you'll measure your variables |
| Operational Definition (purpose) | allows another researcher to replicate your study |
| Replication | repeating someone else's study to see if you get the same results |
| Meta-Analysis | examining and combining the results of many different research studies |
| Descriptive Research | research focused on describing unique conditions |
| Case Study | when a researcher focuses on one unique case |
| Naturalistic Observation | watching without interference |
| Wording effect | the possible effects on participants caused by the order of presented words or even the choice of the words themselves |
| Applied Research | a type of research that answers specific questions and is used to solve a problem or do something of practical use |
| Basic Research | a type of research that focuses on theory and fundamental understanding over practical solutions to issues |
| Survey | a research technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group |
| Correlational Research | research focused on showing the relationship between variables |
| Correlation | one variable is related to the other |
| Random sampling | a sampling technique where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected |
| Representative Sample | has to be large and randomly selected |
| Sampling Bias | too small of a sample size, or the sample isn't random |
| Population | all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn |
| Correlational coefficient | a number between -1 and +1 that shows the strength of relationship between variables (zero is the weakest relationship) |
| Illusory correlation | seeing an imaginary relationship between variables |
| Scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots where each dot represents the value of two variables; slope of the points shows direction of the relationship; amount of scatter shows strength of the correlation |
| Regression Toward the Mean | the tendency for scores to average out; if someone gets an extreme score, next time is will probably be closer to the average (the mean) |
| Positive Correlation | as one variable increases, the other increases (.01 to 1 correlation coefficient) |
| Negative Correlation | the variables go in opposite directions (-.01 to -1 correlation coefficient) |
| Experimental Research | a type of research that allows one to control for all variables and prove causation |
| Experimental condition | the group that gets the real treatment |
| Control Condition | the group that gets the placebo |
| Random Assignment | giving subjects an equal change of being in control or experimental condition |
| Causation | one variable causes a change in the other |
| Double Blind Study | when the researcher and the participants don't know if they're getting the real treatment |
| Placebo | the fake treatment |
| The Placebo Effect | when a group of people feel an effect of a drug when they have actually only ingested a placebo, which is often a sugar pill that has no effect |
| Independent Variable | the variable the researcher changes on purpose |
| Dependent Variable | the variable the researcher measures to see if it changed in response to the other variable |
| Confounding/extraneous variables | extra variables that weren't supposed to be there |
| Descriptive Statistics | numbers that describe the data from the study |
| Frequency Distribution | a count of the number of scores that fall within each of a series of intervals |
| Histogram | a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution |
| Frequency Polygon (line graph) | a graph depicting a statistical distribution, made up of lines connecting the peaks of adjacent intervals |
| Measures of Central Tendency | mean, median, and mode all measure the middle of the data |
| Mode | a measure of central tendency; most common number |
| Mean | a measure of central tendency; average |
| Median | a measure of central tendency; middle number |
| Positive skew | when you have a few high numbers that mess up your graph |
| Negative skew | when you have a few low numbers that mess up your graph |
| Measures of Variation | how spread apart the scores of the distribution are or how much the scores vary from each other |
| Range | a measure of variation; distance from lowest to highest number in your data set |
| Standard Deviation | a measure of variation; tells you how far the data points are from the mean |
| Z-Score/Standard Score | a statistical measurement describing a value's relationship to the mean of the group; measured by standard deviations away from the mean; positive Z-Score means that the score is above the mean; negative Z-Score means that the score is below the mean |
| Normal Distribution/ Normal Curve/ Bell Curve | when the mean, median, and mode are all the same |
| 68% | the total percentage of scores that fall within one standard deviation above AND below the mean |
| 95% | the total percentage of scores that fall within two standard deviations above AND below the mean |
| 34% | the percentage of scores that fall within one standard deviation above OR below the mean |
| Percentile Rank | the percentage of scores in a distribution that fall below a particular score |
| Outliers | Extreme Scores; extremely high or low values in a set of data that can affect the mean and skew distributions |
| Inferential Statistics | tells you if your data can apply to the general population |
| Statistically Significant | the data does apply to the population because the p-value is .05 or less |
| p-value | measure of statistical significance; measures how likely it is that factors other than the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable |
| False Consensus Effect | the tendency to assume that one's own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case |
| Researcher Bias | the researcher wants certain results so they unconsciously hear the results they want |
| Experimenter bias | the unintentional influence of the experimenter's expectations, beliefs, or preconceived notions on the outcome of a study or research experiment |
| Response bias (participant bias) | when participants try to respond "correctly" according to the hypothesis or give answers that make themselves look good |
| Social Desirability Bias | people don't give the real answer because it's inappropriate |
| Hawthorne Effect | People's behavior changes when they know someone is watching. |
| IACUC Ethical Guidelines for animals | clear purpose, acquire legally, ensure comfort & health, humane treatment that minimizes suffering |
| APA Ethical Guidelines for people | no coercion, Informed Consent, Anonymity, Lack of Risk, Debriefing |
| Intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
| Factor Analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlies one's total score |
| Spearman | "G" Factor |
| General Intelligence or "G" Factor | general intelligence factor; Spearman said it is the only real kind of intelligence |
| Howard Gardner' Multiple Intelligences | logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic |
| Eight | the number of types of multiple intelligences according to Gardner |
| Sternberg | the psychologist who came up with triarchic intelligence |
| Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence | academic problem-solving, practical, and creative |
| Grit | passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals (very common in highly successful people) |
| Emotional Intelligence | Goleman's idea that an important intelligence is the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions |
| Aptitude Test | measures what you're capable of |
| Achievement Test | measures what you've learned so far |
| Francis Galton | First to try to systematically measure human intelligence, thought intelligence was inherited, proposed eugenics (Darwin's cousin) |
| Binet | started calculating Mental Age to help with French compulsory education |
| Mental Age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance |
| William Stern | created the IQ or intelligence quotient, a formula that compared mental age and chronological age |
| Lewis Terman | Created the Stanford-Binet test |
| Standford-Binet test formula for IQ | IQ=(MA/CA)100 |
| WAIS | Wechsler's IQ test for adults; most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests |
| Standardization | scored by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group |
| Norm-Referenced | any assessment in which scores are interpreted by comparison with a norm, generally the average score obtained by members of a specified group |
| Flynn Effect | IQ scores increased from 1900-1990 |
| Reliability | do you get the same results every time |
| Test-Retest Reliability | the degree to which a psychological test such as an IQ test is consistent or dependable, as determined by having the same individuals take the same test at two different times |
| Alternate-Forms Reliability | the degree to which a psychological test such as an IQ test is consistent or dependable, as determined by testing the same individuals twice but giving a different version on the retake date |
| Split-Half Reliability | the degree to which a psychological test such as an IQ test is consistent or dependable, as determined by splitting a test into two parts and comparing an individual's scores on both halves |
| Interrater Reliability | the degree to which a psychological test such as an IQ test is consistent or dependable, as determined by comparing the ratings of independent raters of the same assessment |
| Validity | does it measure what it's supposed to measure |
| Content Validity | the extent to which a test accurately assesses the entire range of abilities it is designed to measure |
| Face Validity | when an assessment or test appears to do what it claims to do |
| Construct Validity | the accumulation of evidence to support the interpretation of what a measure reflects. |
| Concurrent Validity | a measure of how well a particular test correlates with a previously validated measure |
| Predictive Validity | the degree to which a test score predicts some criterion, or outcome, measure in the future |
| Culture-Fair Test | any assessment instrument that is not biased in favor of a particular culture; it provides an accurate assessment of knowledge or ability, rather than testing knowledge or experience within a specific culture |
| Stereotype Threat | when society's expectations lead to decreased scores for minority groups |
| Longitudinal study | a type of correlational research; researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a long period of time |
| Cohort | a group of people who share a common set of demographic characteristics or experiences, including but not limited to age |
| Cross-sectional study | a type of correlational research; groups of people of one age are compared with a similar group of people of another age |
| Crystallized Intelligence | facts gained over a lifetime |
| Fluid intelligence | quick problem solving ability that decreases in old age |
| Intellectual Disability | has an IQ lower than 70 |
| Savant syndrome | People with very low general intelligence but one amazing ability |
| Gifted | people (children in particular) who scored 130 or higher on an IQ test (two standard devations above the average mean) |
| Identical twins / monozygotic | siblings that came from one egg that was fertilized by one sperm; have same genetic code |
| Fraternal twins / dizygotic | siblings that came from two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm |
| Evolutionary psychology | focusing on natural selection to explain why people are the way they are today |
| Natural selection | a term created by Charles Darwin that states that the biological and physical traits that lead to an organism's increased survival and reproduction will be the traits that will eventually be passed onto future generations |
| Heritability | the extent to which differences in the appearance of a trait across several people can be accounted for by differences in their genes |
| Epigenetics | the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change |
| Eugenics | a 19th century movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage or discourage people from reproducing |
Created by:
lcurty100
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