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Learning Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | the process of acquiring new behaviors |
| Behaviorism | the perspective that says psychology should be an objective science that studies only behavior (and ignored mental processes) |
| Environmental determinism | the view that one's behavior is determined or caused by previous experience (forces outside the individual) |
| Habituates | when an organism gets used to a repeated stimuli and quits responding to it |
| Associative Learning | learning that certain events occur together |
| Classical conditioning | the learner makes an association two stimuli |
| Stimulus | any event or situation that causes an organism to respond |
| Ivan Pavlov | studied classical conditioning in dogs |
| Neutral stimuli | in Pavlov's study, it was originally the bell |
| Reflex | the UR or CR in classical conditioning |
| unconditioned stimuli | in Pavlov's study, it was the meat |
| conditioned stimuli | in Pavlov's study, after learning, it was the bell |
| unconditioned response | in Pavlov's study, it was salivating to meat |
| conditioned response | in Pavlov's study, it was salivating to the bell |
| acquisition (in classical conditioning) | the first stage of classical conditioning, when the organism links a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so the neutral stimulus starts to trigger the conditioned response. |
| when S should be presented | shortly before the US |
| Extinction | no longer get a CR to the CS |
| spontaneous recovery | when you get a CR after extinction has occurred |
| generalization | when you can't tell the difference between stimuli |
| discrimination | when you can tell the difference between stimuli |
| John Watson | performed the Little Albert experiment |
| Little Albert experiment | classically conditioned a fear response |
| respondent behavior | in classical conditioning, an automatic response to a stimulus |
| operant conditioning | learning focused on changing behavior choices |
| superstitions | occur through operant conditioning if given random reinforcements |
| Law of Effect | rewarded behavior will recur |
| Edward Thorndike | came up with the Law of Effect |
| B.F. Skinner | Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats in an operant conditioning chamber (aka Skinner box) |
| Reinforcement | any event that strengthens the behavior that came before it (in operant conditioning) |
| Shaping | reinforcing behaviors close to the desired behavior until the learner can get it perfect |
| method of successive approximations | reinforcing responses similar to the desired behavior (shaping) |
| chaining | linking together certain conditioned behaviors |
| discriminative stimulus | a stimulus that triggering a response (while other stimuli do not) |
| positive punishment | adding something to stop a behavior |
| negative reinforcement | subtracting something to increase a behavior |
| positive reinforcement | adding something to increase a behavior |
| negative punishment | subtracting something to stop a behavior |
| primary reinforcer | a reward that is naturally rewarding |
| secondary reinforcer | a reward that you had to learn to appreciate |
| reinforcement schedule | how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| variable-interval | rewarding after a random number of minutes/hours |
| fixed-interval | rewarding after a set number of minutes/hours |
| variable-ratio | rewarding after a random number of behaviors |
| fixed-ratio | rewarding after a set number of behaviors |
| partial reinforcement schedule | only rewarding the behavior choice sometimes |
| continuous reinforcement | rewarding every single time |
| delayed reinforcement | when the reward comes hours or even months after the behavior |
| immediate reinforcement | when the reward comes right after the behavior |
| operant behavior | in operant conditioning, the behavior choice |
| overjustification effect | external rewards ruin internal motivation |
| John Garcia | Challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well. Researched taste aversion - when rats ate a strong-tasting substance before being nauseated, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. |
| learned helplessness | random punishments cause people and animals to give up hope |
| biological predispositions | it's easiest to train behaviors to naturally connected stimuli and rewards |
| cognitive map | mental image of a map |
| Instinctual drift | the tendency of some trained animals to revert back to their instinctual behaviors instead of continuing the trained behaviors |
| Edward Tolman | psychologist who is best known for his influence on cognitive behaviorism, his research on cognitive maps, and the theory of latent learning |
| Cognitive Map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
| latent learning | hidden knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it |
| insight learning | that aha moment when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem |
| Premack Principle | the theory that organisms will do something they don't quite like doing (like homework) in order to do something that they do like to do (like playing a video game); so activities can serve as reinforcers |
| Albert Bandura | psychologist who studied observational learning through the Bobo Doll study |
| Observational learning/social learning | a form of learning that occurs by watching the behaviors of others |
| Modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| Vicarious Learning | learning that is derived from indirect sources such as hearing or observation, instead of direct, hands-on, instruction |
| Bobo Doll study | observational learning and aggression |
| mirror neurons | the physical reason why observational learning works |
| prosocial behavior | helping others |
| antisocial behavior | harming others |
| anxiety disorders | characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| generalized anxiety disorder | being anxious all the time for no clear reason |
| panic disorder | having panic attacks |
| depersonalization | a symptom of a panic attack when a person dissociates from the experience as a way to protect themselves from feelings of anxiety, and thus feels like they are watching it happen from outside of their own body |
| derealization | a symptom of a panic attack when a person detaches from their surroundings and people and objects around them start to seem unreal |
| panic attack | brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy |
| specific phobia disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation |
| social phobia | fear of judgment from people |
| agoraphobia | fear of public spaces |
| obsessive compulsive disorder | repeated unwanted thoughts and repeated irrational behaviors |
| hoarding disorder | a disorder marked by a persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items so that there is an accumulation of a large number of possessions that clutter the home |
| acute stress disorder (ASD) | a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor (symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and "reliving" the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as one month following the event |
| PTSD | when trauma leads to flashbacks, nightmares, and anxiety |
| Post traumatic growth | when trauma leads to increased personal strength |
| Mary Cover Jones | behavioral psychologist who treated phobias by exposing patients to stimuli (she introduced the type of exposure therapy known as systemic desensitization) |
| Joseph Wolpe | a behavioral psychologist who refined systematic desensitization |
| behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to get rid of unwanted behaviors |
| counterconditioning | therapy that teaches a new response to a stimuli |
| exposure therapy | reducing a fear response by careful contact with the feared stimuli |
| systematic desensitization | therapy that involves progressive relaxation plus slowly and gradually exposing the patient to the feared stimuli |
| flooding | exposing the patient to the feared stimuli all at once |
| progressive relaxation | first step and repeated step of systematic desensitization |
| virtual reality exposure therapy | exposing the patient with a phobia to the feared stimuli digitally |
| aversive conditioning | therapy that teaches the patient to |
| extinguished/extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response (in classical conditioning, when an US doesn't follow a CS; in operant conditioning, when when a response is no longer reinforced) |
| behavior modification | psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior |
| token economy | a type of operant conditioning using symbolic rewards that the learner can turn in for real rewards |
Created by:
lcurty100
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