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Consciousness
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abnormal Psychology | the field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior |
| Psychological Disorder | a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior |
| APA | American Psychology Association |
| Medical Model | the modern idea that mental health problems are medical problems that can be treated |
| DSM-5 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychology Association |
| Diathesis Stress Model | view that people who are biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (those with certain diathesis) are more likely to exhibit that disorder when strongly affected by stress |
| David Rosenhan | psychologist who pretended to hear voices in order to study damaging effects of labeling |
| Stigmatizing Labels | knowing someone has a disorder can affect views of that person |
| Comorbidity | when a patient has multiple diagnoses; common in psychology, in that many patients have multiple diagnoses because psychiatric illnesses typically occur together |
| Psychotic / Psychosis | a mental disorder in which there is a severe loss of contact with reality |
| Neurotic / Neurosis | a psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially |
| Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) | a condition that occurs in children and youth ages 6 to 18. that involves a chronic and severe irritability resulting in severe and frequent temper outbursts |
| Major Depressive Disorder | symptoms include fatigue, feelings of guilt, excessive sleep or insomnia |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder (aka dysthymia) | a long-term form of depression with symptoms that last for at least two years |
| Rumination | thinking depressing thoughts; linked to mood congruent memory |
| Explanatory Style | can be optimistic (temporary, local, not personal, controllable) or pessimistic (permanent, pervasive, personal, uncontrollable) |
| Bipolar Disorder | symptoms include mania and depression |
| Mania | the part of bipolar disorder with racing thoughts and lack of concern for consequences |
| Bipolar I | disorder is characterized by a pattern of manic episodes that last at least a week, alternating with episodes lasting at least two weeks |
| Bipolar II | disorder is characterized by a pattern of depressive episodes with some hypomanic episodes, but no full-blown manic episodes. |
| Cyclothymic Disorder | disorder is characterized by episodes consisting of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for bipolar or major depressive disorder |
| Psychotherapy | any type of talk therapy |
| Cognitive Therapy | therapy that focuses on changing thought processes |
| Albert Ellis | founder of rational emotive therapy |
| Rational-emotive behavior therapy | founded by Albert Ellis; very confrontational type of cognitive therapy |
| Awfulizing | an irrational belief defined by Ellis as occurring when a person believes that "a bad, unfortunate, or inconvenient circumstance is more than bad, it is the worst it could be − 100% rotten" |
| Cognitive Distortions | an exaggerated or irrational thought pattern involved in the onset psychopathological states such as depression and anxiety; cause individuals to perceive reality inaccurately |
| Catastrophizing | an irrational thought that the one's self, situation, and future are far worse than they actually are |
| Aaron Beck | founder of cognitive therapy; said people need to take off their dark sunglasses |
| Beck's Cognitive Therapy | type of therapy to change your thought processes gently |
| Problem-focused coping | coping strategies aim to change or eliminate a stressor |
| Emotion-focused coping | stress management strategies that attempt to reduce negative emotional responses associated with stress; sometimes the only realistic option when the source of stress is outside the person's control. |
| Internal Locus of Control | the perception that, to a great extent, you control your own destiny |
| External Locus of Control | the perception that your fate is determined by forces outside your personal control like fate or destiny or society |
| Stress-inoculation training | cognitive therapy for PTSD; teaches coping skills to deal with stress |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | cognitive therapy that includes focus on how behaviors affect your emotional state |
| Consciousness | awareness of yourself and your environment |
| Circadian Rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light, it causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness |
| pineal gland | secretes serotonin by day and converts it to melatonin at night |
| Melatonin | a hormone that your pineal gland produces in response to darkness; helps with the timing of your circadian rhythms (24-hour internal clock) and with sleep |
| REM Sleep/*Paradoxical | the dream stage of sleep |
| NREM stage 3 sleep | the stage of sleep when your muscles are repaired and you grow |
| sleep debt | a sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning. |
| Insomnia | sleep disorder where you can't sleep |
| Sleep deprivation psychosis | experiencing an altered perception of reality caused by a prolonged lack of sleep |
| microsleep | a very short period of sleeping that occurs while the person is apparently awake; occurs after 3 or 4 sleepless days |
| Narcolepsy | sleep disorder where you fall asleep at inappropriate times |
| Sleep Apnea | sleep disorder where you stop breathing |
| Night Terrors | sleep disorder where you scream in stage 3 sleep |
| Sleep paralysis | a condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes; normally occurs during REM sleep |
| REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) | when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; individuals who suffer from this have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams |
| Manifest Content | the obvious storyline of your dream (according to Freud) |
| Latent Content | the hidden symbolic meaning of your dream (according to Freud) |
| Information-processing in dreams | dream theory that says dreams are just dealing with today's stress and saving memories |
| Physiological function of dreams | dream theory that says dreams just happen while your brain is being repaired |
| Activation Synthesis Hypothesis | dream theory that says your brain cells are firing and your brain turns it into a story |
| Cognitive theory in dreams | dream theory that says you can understand someone's level of cognition through hearing their dreams |
| REM rebound | if you don't get enough REM one night, you'll spend more time in REM during the next sleep session |
| Dissociative Disorders | disorders that deal with a disruption in state of consciousness |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (previously multiple personality) | when someone has multiple consciousnesses that take over |
| Dissociative Amnesia | disorder involving loss of memory (not caused by physical reasons) |
| Dissociative Fugue | disorder involving loss of memory and running away to an unfamiliar location |
| Stress Types | depending on the characteristics of individuals, their circumstances, and their coping abilities, stress can be either positive (eustress) or negative (distress) |
| Canon's Flight or Fight Response | body's fast stress response system |
| Hans Selye | creator of GAS |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | the three stages a person goes through with any stressful situation |
| Alarm reaction | first stage of GAS; fight or flight response |
| Resistance | second stage of GAS; body tries to reduce the amount of cortisol produced |
| Exhaustion | third stage of GAS; body has depleted its energy resources |
| Physiological Illnesses | literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how the brain, nervous system, and the immune system impact each other |
| Lymphocytes | white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system |
| Stress-related vulnerability | During stress, energy is mobilized away from the immune system, making it vulnerable. |
| Coronary Heart Disease | a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle (often caused by long-term high levels of cortisol) |
| life-change units (LCU) | Holmes and Rahe's social readjustment scale (SRRS) measured stress using these; a person who has a lot of these is more likely to have stress-related diseases than a person with fewer |
| type A personalities | this type of person may be ambitious, competitive, and aggressive and experience more stress in life |
| type B personalities | this type of person may be patient, flexible, and laid-back and experience less stress in life |
| Appraisal-Focused Coping | when there is no straight-forward solution to a problem, someone chooses to modify how they think about or interpret the situation they cannot change |
| Biospychosocial approach | seeing any problem as partially caused by physical issues, thought processes, and society |
| Health Psychologists | study how patients handle illness, the most effective ways to control pain or change poor health habits, develop health care strategies that foster emotional and physical well-being |
| Social Support | relationships with others lead to better physical and mental health |
| Aerobic Exercise | 20-30 minutes, 5 days a week leads to better physical and mental health |
| Biofeedback | getting feedback from sensors on your heart rate and blood pressure teaches you to decrease these |
| Faith factor | Regular religious attendance has been a reliable predictor of a longer life span with a reduced risk of dying. |
| Therapeutic lifestyle change | Aerobic Exercise, Adequate Sleep, Light Exposure, Social Connection, Proper Nutrition, and Faith lead to increased physical and mental health |
Created by:
lcurty100
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