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Cognition Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cognition | all the mental processes involved with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Memory | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system |
| Storage | the retention of encoded material over time |
| Retrieval | the process of getting the information out of memory storage |
| Three Stage Processing Model | the theory that a memory goes from sensory memory to short term (aka working) memory and then into long term memory |
| Sensory Memory | immediate storage for information, large capacity, limited to .5-2 seconds |
| Iconic Memory | visual images stored in sensory memory for .5 seconds |
| Echoic Memory | auditory information stored in sensory memory for 2 seconds |
| Short Term Memory (STM) | aka working memory, holds 5-9 items for 20-30 seconds |
| Working Memory | aka short term memory, holds 5-9 items for 20-30 seconds |
| George A. Miller's Number Seven | the amount of items that can be held in short term / working memory for 20-30 seconds |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | when you practice saying your 5-9 items over and over to keep them in short term / working memory |
| Long Term Memory (LTM) | where our semantic and episodic memories are stored, unlimited capacity and time |
| Explicit Memory (a.k.a. declarative) | facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (easy to explain) |
| declarative Memory (a.k.a. explicit) | facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (easy to explain) |
| Effortful Processing | when you try to get something into your long term memory |
| Automatic Processing | when you accidentally get something into your long term memory (especially spacing, timing, frequency) |
| procedural Memory (a.k.a. Implicit) | actions your body knows how to do without you being able to describe exactly every step involved (impossible to explain) |
| Implicit Memory (a.k.a. procedural) | actions your body knows how to do without you being able to describe exactly every step involved (impossible to explain) |
| Positive Transfer | when something you memorized previously helps you memorize something new |
| Negative Transfer | when something you memorized previously makes it harder to memorize something new |
| Chunking | grouping items into meaningful groups helps you remember more |
| Mnemonics | memory aids that help you remember by using a pattern of letters, numbers, or relatable associations like rhymes, poems, songs, outlines, images, etc |
| Spacing Effect | distributed practice leads to better retention than massed practice |
| Testing Effect | quizzing yourself on material leads to improved retention |
| Shallow processing | barely thinking about something leads to poor memory |
| Deep processing (semantic) | semantic encoding and the self reference effect leads to better memory |
| Self-Reference Effect | applying information to your own life helps you remember it best |
| Prospective memory | remembering to do something that you had planned to do in the future |
| Hippocampus | the brain part that processes explicit memories |
| Cerebellum | the brain part that processes implicit memories |
| Infantile amnesia | most people have no memories before age 3 because the hippocampus hadn't developed well enough to process explicit memories yet |
| Memory consolidation | when recent learned experiences are transformed into long-term memory, which happens especially when we sleep |
| Flashbulb Memory | a clear, strong, and persistent episodic memory |
| Long Term Potentiation | neurons that fire together get wired together |
| Recall | type of retrieval when we just have to pull it from long-term memory with no clues |
| Recognition | type of retrieval when we have options and can just choose the right one |
| Priming | activating a retrieval cue |
| Context-dependent memory | when your environment serves as a retrieval cue |
| State-dependent memory | when your state of consciousness serves as a retrieval cue |
| Mood congruent memory | a type of state-dependent memory - when your mood serves as a retrieval cue |
| Serial Position Effect (primacy/recency) | remembering the beginning and end of a list the best |
| Anterograde Amnesia | type of forgetting where you can't encode new memories |
| Retrograde Amnesia | type of forgetting where you can't remember old memories |
| Encoding failure | when you didn't get information into your memory system |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | researcher who studied nonsense syllables and found that spaced studying leads to increased retention and that memory fades over time |
| Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve | memories going through an initial stage of rapid memory decline, followed by a slower rate of memory decay over the long term |
| Savings Score | (aka Relearning Method) Memories are easier to relearn than learn from scratch |
| "Tip of the tongue" Phenomenon | a type of retrieval failure |
| Retrieval failure | when you can't find the information in your memory system |
| Proactive Interference | when old information blocks you from retrieving newer information |
| Retroactive interference | when new information blocks you from retrieving older information |
| Source Amnesia | when you can't remember where you got information (you sometimes think it happened to you) |
| Next-in-Line Effect | you are unlikely to remember the information that the person presented right before you presented (because you didn't encode what they said) |
| Déjà vu | when you feel like a new situation is familiar because of a term-46poorly stored memory that sort of matches the current situation |
| Memory Construction | every time you retrieve a memory, you unconsciously fill in the blanks with stuff you know now (aka reconstructive memory) |
| Misinformation Effect | when the way someone words a question or statement changes your memory |
| Elizabeth Loftus | researcher who studied eyewitness testimony and focused on the misinformation effect |
| Visual Encoding | the encoding of picture images |
| Acoustic Encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words |
| Semantic Encoding | the encoding of meaning |
| Metacognition | thinking about the way you think |
| Convergent Thinking | getting to the right answer |
| Divergent Thinking | creative thinking |
| Schema | a mental framework that organizes and interprets information |
| Concept | a category for memories and information |
| Prototype | the best representation for what can fit in a concept |
| inductive reasoning | reasoning from detailed facts to general principles |
| deductive reasoning | the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations |
| Algorithm | a logical step-by-step formula for solving a problem |
| Heuristic | a mental shortcuterm-68t way to solve a problem |
| Representativeness Heuristic | using your prototype to make a decision |
| Availability Heuristic | using your most readily available memory to make a decision |
| Wolfgang Kohler's Insight Learning | a sudden understanding of the problem that lets you arrive at a solution |
| Intuition | a brain process that gives people the ability to make decisions without the use of analytical reasoning |
| cognitive bias | systematic error in thinking |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that you knew it all along |
| Confirmation Bias | seeking out information to confirm what you already believe |
| Fixation | being obsessed with one idea |
| Mental Set | when you keep approaching a problem the same way because that way worked one time |
| Functional Fixedness | only seeing one function for an object (the normal function) |
| Overconfidence | being too sure of yourself |
| Belief Perseverance | ignoring any information that opposes what you already believe |
| cognitive dissonance | unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting a behavior that conflicts with a belief, so the person changes their belief to get some peace |
| justification of effort | when people modify their attitudes to match their behaviors, specifically those involving effort |
| Framing | the way someone words the question/topic affects your perception of it |
| Risk or loss aversion bias | Tendency to take "sure gains" and to make riskier decisions to "avoid losses". |
| Anchoring effect bias | decision makers focus too much on initial information and do not adequately adjust for subsequent information, so first impressions, ideas, prices, and estimates have too much influence compared to information received later. |
| linguistics | study of language |
| Phoneme | all the sounds in a language |
| Morpheme | the meaningful sounds in a language |
| Grammar | the rules of language |
| Semantics | the meaning of words and phrases in a language |
| Syntax | the order of words and phrases in a language |
| deep language structure | the implicit meanings of sentences |
| shallow/surface language structure | the words or language we use to represent the deep structure |
| Babbling stage | language stage from 4-11.5 months, make all noises at start and only noises you're hearing from caregivers by end |
| One-word stage | language stage from 12-23.5 months |
| Two-word stage | language stage that starts at 24 months; telegraphic stage |
| Telegraphic speech | another name for two-word stage; language stage that starts at 24 months |
| Overgeneralization/overregularization | When we first start speaking in complete sentences, we over-apply grammar rules for past tense and pluralization, forgetting there are irregular verbs and nouns |
| Social Learning Theory | Skinner's idea that we learn behaviors through imitation and reinforcement |
| Noam Chomsky | theorist with the controversial idea that humans are born prewired and ready to acquire and produce language |
| Language acquisition device | how human beings are pre-wired to learn language |
| Universal grammar | the basic rules for language that are innate in humans |
| Critical period | the short time in which you can learn a thing (in this case, language) |
| Linguistic determinism (aka Linguistic relativism) | the theory that your language determines what you can think about |
| sunk cost fallacy | people don't want to have wasted time/money in something worthless, so they choose to believe the thing is worthwhile |
| Gambler's Fallacy | the incorrect belief that the odds of a chance/random event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently |
Created by:
lcurty100
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