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Social and Cultural
Social & Cultural Diversity section on NCE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| counseling from different social and or cultural backgrounds is known as... | cross-cultural counseling, multicultural counseling, and intercultural counseling |
| what does the Assoc for Multicultural Counseling & Development do | raise cultural, racial, and ethnic understanding and empathy |
| multicultural counseling is | the fourth force of counseling theory and emphasizes respect for differences; champions the idea of celebrating diversity; integration of cultural identities within counseling |
| cultural pluralism | a minority cultural group will keep their own unique cultural values, yet they still participate in the wider or dom culture |
| culture is | customs/values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group and distinguish; characterize mems of a group passed thru generations; identities living in the world; race, ethnicity, gender, sex, education, langugage, geographic |
| cultural conflict | whenever a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties; or when people of diff cultures live in the same area |
| macroculture or majority culture | refers to the dom culture or culture accepted by majority of citizens in given society |
| privilege | some indivs have an unearned advantage giving that person dominance, access to resources, and power |
| cultural relativity | a beh cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture and must be evaluated relative to the culture |
| culture epoch theory | all cultures, like children, pass thru the same stages of dev in terms of evolving and maturing; now not known as valid |
| ethics and culture | counselors must incorporate culturally relevant techniques into their practice and should acquire cultural sensitivity to client populations served |
| color blindness | is not a good thing in the counseling process and is often viewed as the direct opposite of good multicultural helping |
| in the US, each socioeconomic group represents | a separate culture |
| E. Berne | father of transactional analysis |
| Freud and social psych | 1921 book Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego= suggests that a group is held together by a bond between leader and mems and analogous to analyst and subject |
| E. Durkheim | one of founders of modern sociology; 1895 book Rules of Sociological Method; research into suicide; group phenomena formal research from arm chair |
| W. McDougall | father of hormic psychology (darwinian viewpoint suggests that indiv in or out of grps are driven by innate, inherited tendencies; lost ground with behaviorists; 1908 Intro to Social Psych; eugenics |
| eugenics | genetics (selective breeding of those with high intelligence) would improve the gene pool and human condition; scientific racism |
| who would say that humans have an instinct to fight regardless of culture? | freud and lorenz (innate aggression theory) and mcdougall |
| social learning theorists | believe that aggression is learned; emphasizes environment rather than genetics or inborn tendencies to behavior; A. Bandura |
| Levinson | wrote 1978 book Seasons of a Mans Life and sequel 1997 Seasons of a Womans Life; postulated midlife crisis for men 40-45 yrs and women approx 5 years earlier (no statistical analysis!); suggested 3 major life transitions; bias against women |
| 3 factors that enhance interpersonal attraction | close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs |
| proximities | relates to personal space, interpersonal distance, and territoriality |
| propinquity | social psychs refer to the tendency for people who are in close proximity to be attracted to each other |
| L Festinger | discovered that friendship and attraction were highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other |
| reciprocity of attraction | suggests we are attracted to people who are like us and find us attractive |
| matching hypothesis | asserts we often pick a partner who roughly matches our level of attractiveness |
| contextualism implies that | beh must be assessed in the context of culture in which the beh occurs; |
| multiculturalism became a specialty | in the 1970s; civil rights movement helped popularize it |
| L Kohlberg's theory of moral development | was more applicable to males than females; did not delineate the notion that women place more emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility than do men, who focus more on indiv rights and justice |
| Tarasoff duty | counselor's duty to warn and protect an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence |
| prognosis | the probable outcome in a case; the probability that one can recover from a condition |
| recommendations | what a counselor believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint; |
| diagnosis does not | imply or recommend a given treatment process (this is the DSM- it lays out diagnoses but not recommendations or prognosis for treatment) |
| Stanford Prison experiment | 1971, Zimbardo; people conform to social roles; it was ethical in 1970s but not today |
| frustration-aggression theory | Dollard and Miller; asserts that frustration leads to aggression; |
| Ellis | father of rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)= does not agree with frustration-aggression theory; |
| cognitive consistency/balance theory in social psychology | Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory |
| balance theory | suggests people strive for consistency/balance in terms of belief systems; indivs attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs |
| culture exists at three levels | universal, group, and individual- culture organizes how groups as a whole, indiv, and human race behave, think, and feel |
| cultural encapsulation | counselor does not understand the client worldview or cultural identity and fails to integrate this info into practice |
| cultural identity | degree to which indiv identify belonging to subgroups of various cult groups or categories- how the combinations of these groups for client and counselor interact to affect counseling relationship and process |
| avoiding cultural bias and cultural encapsulation | is integral to all major counseling documents |
| C Gilbert Wrenn | authors The Culturally Encapsulated Counselor |
| W Cross Jr | develops one of the first racial identity development models, the Cross Nigrescence Model |
| J Helms | edits Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Reserarch, and Practice- makes strides in cult id dev research |
| in 1991 | the ACA approves multicultural counseling competency standards |
| P Pedersen | labels multiculturalism as the fourth force in counseling |
| Surgeon Generals Report | highlights significant research related to how race and ethnicity influence mental health outcomes |
| Manivong Ratts | label social advocacy as the fifth force of counseling; dev the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies |
| Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies | dev in 2015, expands the 1992 standards to speak more in depth to social justice praxis and advocacy interventions; domains of counselor self awareness, counseling relationship, client worldview, interventions pertinent to effective mc counseling |
| etic perspective | viewing clients from a universal perspective; client's culture is minimized to focus more on basic counseling that apply across all |
| emic perspective | using counseling approaches specific to a client's culture; ie using indigenous healing practices |
| high context comms | indiv relaying messages by relying on surroundings |
| low context comms | indiv communicating verbally to express thoughts and feelings |
| paralanguage | verbal cues other than words |
| kinesics | postures, body movements, and positions |
| chronemics | how indivs conceptualize and act toward time |
| monochromic time | refers to an orientation toward time in a linear fashion- use of schedules and advanced activity planning |
| polychromic time | refers to the value of time as secondary to relationships among people |
| proxemics | use of personal physical distance; include intimate, personal, social, and public distances |
| acculturation | process that an indiv makes sense of host culture's value system in relation to their own; determined largely by years in this process, their country of origin, and age begun |
| 4 main models of acculturation | assimilation, seperation, integration/biculturalism, marginalization |
| two worldview models | 1) guide behaviors on basis of locus of responsibility/control 2) 5 components that integrate to create unique cultural worldviews |
| locus of responsibility | refers to what system is accountable for things that happen to indivs; internal LOR (IR) refers to idea that success/failure is viewed by indiv's own doing; external (ER) notion that social environ is responsible for what happens to indivs |
| locus of control | degree of control indivs perceive they have over their environ; internal (IC) belief that consequences are dependent on indivs actions; external (EC) notion that consequences result by chance outside of control |
| second worldview model by Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck: 5 components | 1) human nature; 2) relationship to nature; 3) sense of time; 4) activity (incl being, being-in-becoming, doing); 5) social relationships (incl linearl-hierarchal, collateral-mutual, individualistic) |
| race | how groups of people are identified by physical characteristics; social and political classification |
| colorism | judgment of worth based on how closely an indiv's skin color approximates that of whites |
| mulatto | white and african lineage |
| mestizo | native american and caucasian parents |
| eugenics movement | method to monitor a person's inborn characteristics and an attempt to keep white race pure |
| ethnicity | identification within a group of people who have a similar social or cult background; it is flexible based on ethnic identity and experiences |
| ethnocentrism | concept defining a cult group's belief that it is superior in comparison to other cultures |
| sex vs gender | person is biologically male or female based on hormones vs social categories of masc or fem heavily guided by culture |
| cisgender | sex at birth aligned with gender |
| four patterns of male gender role conflict | 1) pressure of success/power/competition; 2) conflict between work and fam relationships; 3) restricted emotionality; 4) restricted affectionate beh between men |
| transgender | TGNC, gender identification, includes transsexual, cross dresser, transgenderist, intersex, genderqueer, two spirited, gender dysphoria, |
| Cross's nigrescence | the process of blacks becoming black in identity; includes 1) preencounter, 2) encounter, 3) immersion-emersion, 4) internalization, 5) internalization-commitment |
| people of color racial idenitty development model (POCRID) | adopted Cross's nigrescence and applied to all POC: 1) conformity, 2) dissonance, 3) immersion and emersion, 4) internalization, 5) integrative awareness |
| Helms's white racial identity development model (WRID) | process of learning to relinquish white privilege & dismantle racial status quo: 1) contact, 2) disintegration, 3) reintegration, 4) pseudo-independence, 5) immersion & emersion, 6) autonomy |
| Helms's racial interaction theory | concept of how white's and POC at various statuses might interact and if they are/not mal/adaptive: 1) parallel interactions, 2) regressive interactions, 3) progressive interactions |
| Hardiman's model of white racial identity development | general dev for whites is to integrate their whiteness with other cultural identities: 1) naivete, 2) acceptance, 3) resistance, 4) redefinition, 5) internalization |
| Downing and Rouch's feminist identity dev model | how women come to know themselves in a sexist society; gender identity involves addressing sexism in this model: 1) passive acceptance, 2) revelation, 3) embeddedness-emanation, 4) synthesis, 5) active commitment |
| Hoffman's feminist identity dev model | attn to gender self confidence: 1) unexamined female identity, 2) crisis, 3) moratorium and equilibrium, 4) achieved female identity |
| gender self confidence | the degree to which an individual defines themself according to traditional views fo masc and fem and accepts those views |
| multiracial identity dev models | Poston (Preschool-Adult), Jacobs (PreS-12), Kerwin & Ponterotto (PreS-Adult), Kich (PreS-Adult), Phinney (Adol), Root (Child-Adult) |
| Poston PreS-Adult Multiracial Identity Dev Model | IDENTITY: Stage 1) personal identity, Stage 2) choice of group categorization, Stage 3) enmeshment/denial, Stage 4) appreciation, Stage 5) integration |
| Jacobs PreS-12 Multiracial Identity Dev Model | COLOR: Stage 1) 0-4.5- Pre-Color Constancy, Stage 2) 4.5-8- Post-Color Constancy, Stage 3) 8-12- Biracial Identity |
| Kerwin & Ponterotto PreS-Adult Multiracial Identity Dev Model | PHYSICAL DIFF: Stage 1) pres-5, Stage 2) entry to school, Stage 3) pre-adol, Stage 4) adol, Stage 5) college-emerging, Stage 6) adult |
| Kich preS-Adult Multiracial Identity Dev Model | SELF-ACCEPTANCE: stage 1) 3-10, 2) 8-late adol, 3) adult |
| Phinney Adol Multiracial Identity Dev Model | ETHNIC IDENTITY: stage 1) unexamined, stage 2) search moratorium, stage 3) achieved identity |
| Root child-adult Multiracial Identity Dev Model | ID WITH MULTIETHNIC GROUP: 1) accepts id by society, 2) identity with both groups, 3) identify with one single group, 4) identify with multiracial group |
| Cass's Gay Identity Model | 6 stages from heterosexual to gay identity integrating with others; both a linear and nonlinear model |
| McCarn & Fassinger's Gay Identity Model | partly in response to traditional focus on gay white men, created to address lesbian identity dev, and explain gay identity dev more comprehensively; contains two discrete yet parallel indiv and group dev processes |
| Weinberg et al's bisexual identity development | anxiety about sexual identity to acceptance and possible uncertainty |
| Worthington et al's heterosexual identity dev model | similar to mccarn & fassinger's gay identity model |
| poll & smith spiritual identity dev model | examines process in which indiv personally connect with a higher power |
| white vs african american diagnoses | dep, anxiety, PTSD, and schizophrenia are similarly seen in both, but overdiagnosis prevalent; AA environmental stressors that impact mental health (poverty, high unemployment, education/occu barriers, high prison, high violence in urban, single parent) |
| african american cultural values | kinship network emphasis, respect for family by child, collectivism, interdependence, spiritual/rel orientation, harmony with nature, egalitarian gender roles in fam, edu attainment, flexible time orientation, assertiveness and expressiveness |
| arab american cultural values | collectivism, hierarchical fam relationships, duty and fam honor, religious diversity, edu attainment, use of nonverbal comms, high volume or repetition |
| model minority myth | with asian americans, they have excelled in US society without confronting whites, despite past experiences of discrimination from them; that asian amer should serve as model minority for other minority groups to follow to achieve the american dream |
| acculturative stress | cognitive and affective consequences associated with leaving one's own country and entering a host country; have to adapt to new culture and los some of cult id in the process |
| loving vs virginia | us law outlawing interracial marriage in 1960s |
| gerontological counseling | geared toward 65+ |
| motivational interviewing | vs Minnesota Model; supported by research; FRAMES acronym; what was once client resistance is now seen as part of the therapeutic relationship; elicit awareness of incongruence between actions and goals; OARES |
| FRAMES | dev to guide timely and effective interventions; Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu, Empathy, Self-Efficacy |
| OARES | Open Ended Questions, Affirm, Reflective Listening, Elicit Self Motivational Statements, Summarize |
| feminist theory | values from multicult, politics, and social advocacy; equality for all and eliminate sexism; fault with gendercentric psych dev models; no pathology focus; examines social and political environ that person operates in |
| liberal feminism | human rights and desire to be treated as rational human beings; movement touts in political equality, voting equ, and medical advancements |
| radical feminism | discrim against women in capitalism; building block for feminist therapy; "The Feminine Mystique"; birth control pills |
| cultural feminism | workplace environ, sex id, and sex harrassment of women were concentrated here; women studied to see how their life experiences were diff |
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briimvaldez
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