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PSYC 134 FInal Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Obesity causes what physical health issues? | Heart disease, hypertension, stroke, heart disease (heart attacks), diabetes (type 2), loss of lean muscle, faster bone loss, and increased risk of colon and breast cancer |
| What can help obese people lower health risk factors? | Lowering 5%-10% of body fat can lower risk factors |
| What are some social issues associated with obesity? | Teasing/bullying, stigma, social withdrawal, and difficulty with interpersonal relationships |
| What are some psychosocial issues associated with obesity? | Decreased quality of life, body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, disordered eating behaviors and cognitions, and an increased risk of depression |
| What are some neurocognitive deficits associated with obesity? | Issues with executive functioning, attention, visuospatial performance, motor skills, mixed results with language, learning, memory, and academic performance |
| What is the etiology of obesity? | Factors such as psychological, social, cultural, behavioral, environmental, genetic, and physiological |
| Binge Eating Disorder (BED) | Newly added to the DSM-5, criteria for BED consists of persistent episodes of binge eating, at least once a week. |
| Episodes of Binge Eating | The episodes of binge eating consist of consuming objectively large amounts of food within a two-hour period caused by a loss of control. |
| BED is associated with three or more of the following: | Eating more rapidly than normal, Eating until feeling uncomfortably full, Eating large amounts of food when not hungry, Eating alone because of feelings of embarrassment, Feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty after overeating, or Marked distress |
| BED Prevalence: | 1%-5% (60% female, 40% male), typically occurs during adulthood |
| BED is correlated with: | Weight status, health risk overlaps with obesity consequences, and is associated with depression and poorer quality of life |
| BED etiology includes: | Genetics (heritability 30%-80%) Biological (central & peripheral systems → regulation of appetite) Environmental (family overeating, negative comments on weight/body/eating) Psychological (emotional regulation, high in weight and shape concerns) |
| Children with BED: | Have disordered eating, depression, anxiety, and poorer psychosocial functioning. |
| What distinguishes BED from obesity is | people with BED have greater weight and shape concerns, personality disturbance, greater likelihood of mood/anxiety disorders, lower quality of life, and more executive functioning deficits. |
| What are empirically-supported treatments for Binge Eating Disorder? | CBT, CBT-gsh (guided self-help), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), and medications. |
| What are the phases of CBT-gsh? | Phase 1: behavioral (self-monitoring, eating pattern, coping skills) Phase 2: cognitive (cognitive distortions and reconstructing) Phase 3: maintenance and relapse prevention |
| How are overweight and obesity assessed? | Obesity is determined by the Body Mass Index (BMI), a highly controversial screening tool used to measure body fat based on height and weight. Other ways of measuring obesity include a DEXA scan, Bod Pod, skin fold measures, and waist measurement. |
| What are the limitations of the commonly-used approaches to assess body weight? | Using BMI is that it is a screening tool only, doesn't take muscle or structure into consideration, and doesn’t look at body composition, viewed as stigmatizing and sensitive |
| What are the strengths of the commonly-used approaches to assess body weight? | The pros of the BMI test are that BMI is easy to calculate, no machines are required, it is inexpensive, and it is a common language amongst providers. |
| What is an obesogenic environment? | An obesogenic environment is an environment where there are always temptations everywhere (ex. ads, fast food, etc.). There is also increased access to highly palatable foods and a decrease in emphasis on exercise (<5,000 steps per day). |
| What is thought to contribute to obesity and weight gain? | According to the Center for Healthy Eating and Activity Research (CHEAR) at UCSD, biology/genetics + environment/behaviors = weight gain. |
| Energy Balance: | Positive = calories > energy expenditure → weight up Negative = calories < energy expenditure → weight loss |
| Family-Based Therapy (FBT): | For children/adolescents Focuses on behavior, not on willpower, and turning good intentions into actions To change behavior long-term, self-monitoring, modeling + reinforcement, and stim control are implemented. |
| Traffic Light Diet: | green: 0-1g fat/serving,<10% sugar yellow: 2-5g fat/serving, 10%-25% sugar red: >5g fat/serving, >25% sugar |
| Adult Obesity Treatment includes: | Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL), Weight Loss Surgery, and Pharmacotherapy |
| Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL): | diet, physical activity, and therapy |
| Weight Loss Surgery: | adjustable gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion, maestro rechargeable system |
| Pharmacotherapy: | not stand-alone treatment, requires physical activity and diet as well; recommended within treatment programs only (appetite suppressants, inhibit fat absorption), lacks long-term success, ~50% regain the weight |
| What are the FDA-approved medications to treat adult obesity? | orlistat, Lorcaserin, Phentermine-topiramate, naltrexone-bupropion, Liraglutide, semaglutide |
| Regulation of Cues Treatment: | Focus on calories/energy in vs. calories/energy out, increase responsiveness to internal cues (hunger, fullness), focus on eating less, 1-5 scale (starving, hungry, neutral, satisfied, stuffed). |
| Cue Exposure Treatment: | repeated non-enforced exposures to stimuli to extinguish conditioned response (craving, stimulus, cue), goal is to be around foods without eating all of them. |
| How do eating disorders present differently in men? | EDs present differently in men than women because men are less likely to seek treatment, have a later onset, have a history of being overweight, have greater psychiatric comorbidity, and have difficulty expressing body dissatisfaction. |
| Men with AN: | Have the same core fear of weight gain as women, but men are more focused on leanness (six-pack) vs. thinness (flat stomach). With AN, men’s BMIs may not be as low as women’s, they tend to seek treatment later, and they report less traditional symptoms. |
| Men with BN: | Objectively large amounts of food are defined by women, and it is unclear what the difference is between “cheat days” and binge episodes. Men are less likely to engage in “typical” purging behaviors, and may instead excessively exercise. |
| What is muscle dysmorphia? | MD is the core fear of insufficient muscularity, which includes compulsive exercising. This is labeled under dysmorphia. There is intense anxiety and guilt if exercise or diet has deviated. Body shame, checking, and avoidance are common. |
| Muscularity-Oriented Disordered Eating: | Men will have a rigid adherence to a rule-driven diet plan, for example, protein consumption, restriction of energy intake, bulking and cutting, use of supplements, and anabolic steroid use (more often for appearance) |
| Myth 1: EDs are extremely rare in males, or even impossible. | Men can, in fact, develop eating disorders with a prevalence (M:F) of 1:3 for AN, 1:3 for BN, 1:1.75 for BED, with the total being 1:2 for EDs. 25% of those diagnosed with EDs are male, or about 4-7 million men. |
| Myth 2: EDs present the same ways between men and women. | Men are less likely to seek treatment, have a later onset, have a history of being overweight, have greater psychiatric comorbidity, and have difficulty in expressing body dissatisfaction. |
| Who developed DBT and for whom was it developed for? | Marsha Linehan; DBT was originally created for BPD, suicidality, self-harm (gold standard), and intense mood instability, and has been found helpful for ADHD, MDD, PTSD, bipolar, BED, and BN. |
Created by:
kkonrad
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