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pharm exam 1
sem 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| " Homeostasis" | The tendency to maintain relatively constant conditions as in the fluid compartments |
| Approximately 50% to 60% of the human body | is composed of water |
| The process of homeostasis involves the delivery of essential elements such as | oxygen and glucose |
| The process of homeostasis involves the removal of wastes | carbon dioxide from the cells |
| Intracellular fluid | a. Intracellular fluid is fluid within a cell |
| 1. Extracellular fluid | a. extracellular fluid is fluid outside the cell. Most of the body's fluids are found within the cell. |
| Major fluids regulating homeostasis, intra-extracellular fluid | water, solutes, elctrolytes, and non-elctrolytes (urea, protein, glucose, creatinine, and bilirubin |
| osmolarity | concentration of solution determine by the number of dissolved particles per liter of water |
| a higher osolarity means less | water |
| a low osmolarity means high | water |
| a change in osmolality of intracellular fluid is maintained by | mainly potassium |
| osmolality of extracellular fluid is maintained by | mainly sodium |
| the normal range of osmolality of the body fluid is | between 280-294 milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm-kg). |
| osmolality | number of dissolved particles per kilogram of water. |
| Osmolarity | the concentration of particles per liter of solution |
| 1. Regulating mechanisms | kidneys, filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, hormones, thirst |
| 24-hour fluid intake and output are | approximately equal |
| Fluids are lost by | the kidneys, skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. |
| The usual adult urine volume | between 1 and 2 liters per day (L-day), or 1 milliliter per kilogram of body weight per hour. |
| Conditions that have great potential for disrupting fluid balance | vomiting, diarrhea, kidney diseases, diabetes, salicylate poisoning, burns, congestive heart failure, cerebral injuries, ulcerative colitis, and hormonal imbalances |
| Patient complaints that may be associated with fluid imbalances | fatigue, palpitations, dizziness, edema, muscle weakness or cramps, dyspnea, and confusion |
| rapid respirations | increase water loss |
| excess fluid volume can lead to | heart failure and pulmonary edema with shortness of breath |
| Measuring blood pressure with the patient lying, sitting, and standing can detect | positional differences that may reflect inadequate blood volume. |
| Fluid volume deficit occurs when water is | less than normal in the body |
| hypovolemia | isotonic extracellular fluid deficit |
| dehydration | extracellular fluid deficit |
| increase in body water is called | fluid volume excess |
| isotonic fluid excess | extracellular fluid excess |
| hypotonic fluid excess | intracellular water excess |
| Fluid volume excess may result from | renal or cardiac failure with retention of fluid, increased production of ADH or aldosterone, overload with isotonic intravenous fluids, or the administration of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) after surgery or trauma. |
| Severe fluid volume excess can cause: | aggravate heart failure and pulmonary edema. |
| Acid-base balance refers to homeostasis | the hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids. |
| solution containing a higher number of hydrogen ions | an acid |
| solution containing a lower number of hydrogen ions | a base |
Created by:
Jrachele35
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