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Learning 1
Chapter 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Learning is | a relatively permanent change in behavioral potentiality that occurs as a result of reinforced practice (Kimble, 1961) |
Learning is (Bullets) | relatively permanent behavioral potentiality result of reinforced practice |
Intervening variable | Learning would be the result of an internal change in the organism. The internal change would be learning. |
Behavior change | New behavior is not a result of learning but learning itself. No internal change is necessary to account for learning. |
Instinct | not learned, un-modifiable, complex, Occur in virtually all of a species under the correct circumstances |
Types of learning | Classical, Instrumental , Observational (Not real) |
Classical learning aka | Pavlovian, Respondent |
Instrumental learning aka | Operant |
Epistomology | How we know what we know |
5 approaches to acquiring knowledge | Tenacity, Intuition, Authority, Rationalism, Empiricism |
Tenacity | Knowledge based on superstition or habit, might be based in fact but might not, high in error, not scientific |
Intuition | Knowledge based NOT on reasoning or inferring, feeling strongly about something, you might get lucky and be right, high error, not scientific |
Authority | Knowledge from a highly respected source, reliable to a point, where did they get their information?, medium in error, not scientific |
Rationalism | Knowledge through reasoning, pure logic, thought experiments, assumes you have all the information, lower in error, not scientific |
Empiricism | Knowledge through experience, establishes a causal relationship, least error, most scientific |
Science is | A specific method to be followed in solving problems and acquiring a body of knowledge, logic of inquiry |
Assumptions of science | Determinism, Empiricism, Parsimony, Scientific manipulation, Philosophic doubt |
Determinism | The universe is lawful and orderly all phenomenon occur as a result of other events |
Behavior is a result of | specific conditions |
Variables of choice | genetics, learning history, current environment |
Empiricism | Practice of objective observation |
Empirical attitude says | "Lets look and see" |
Aristotle's 3 principles of association | Contiguity, Similarity, Contrast |
Is the rate of forgetting faster or slower after studying when compared to a week later? | Faster |
Who uses animal subjects more, behaviorists or cognitive psychologists? | Behaviorists |
If psychology is going to be a science it needs to focus on what according to Watson? | Stimuli and responses |
According to Skinner theories in psychology should not include what? | Intervening variables |
Parsimony | Occams razor, simpler ideas are taken over more complex explanations when both equally predict phenomenon |
Law of Parsimony | A scientist should never hypothesize a complicated explanation unless all of the simple explanations have been experimentally ruled out |
Scientific Manipulation | factors suspected of having a causal status are systematically controlled and manipulated while the effects are observed |
Philosophic doubt | Question all facts, we are far form absolute knowledge on anything |
Knowledge obtained through science: | Is falsifiable (testable), Is based on objective empirical observations, Is systematic, Is publicly verifiable, Predicts subsequent events |
What is the purpose of science? | Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control |
General principles of basic behavioral phenomena... | should hold not only across all members of a species but also across many species in accordance with their genetic relatedness |
What is the psyche? | Mind, thought, brain |
What do actions of the psyche produce? | Cognitions (thoughts), Behaviors (actions based on cognitions), Emotions |
Psychology is most concerned with which, behaviors or cognitions? | Behaviors |