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chapter 11
Health, Wellness, and Fitness Assessments
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mortality | A state or a risk of death or dying. |
| Morbidity | The state of having a disease. |
| High-intensity interval training (HIIT) | An exercise training method defined by intervals of near-maximal intensity broken up by relatively short rest periods. |
| Deconditioned | A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability. |
| Health risk assessment (HRA) | A screening tool used to evaluate the benefits and the risks associated with starting any type of exercise that is strenuous in nature. |
| Contraindication | A specific situation where a medication, procedure, or exercise should be avoided because it may prove to be harmful to the individual. |
| Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+) | A detailed questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s physical readiness to engage in structured exercise. |
| False-positive screenings | A screening where the results of the health risk assessment might indicate a need for medical clearance, when one is in fact not needed. |
| Health history questionnaire (HHQ) | A questionnaire with lists of questions that pertain to health history and habits, such as exercise history, eating behaviors, and general lifestyle. |
| Which screening tool is used to evaluate the benefits and risks associated with starting any type of exercise that is strenuous in nature? | Health risk assessment (HRA) |
| Which of the following health indicators is reflected in the PAR-Q+ and preparticipation process? | Desired exercise intensity |
| Resting heart rate (RHR) | The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest. |
| Thermoregulation | The physiological process by which the body maintains a relatively constant internal body temperature, including events like sweating to cool the body and shivering to warm the body. |
| What term is used to describe the physiological process by which the body maintains a relatively constant internal temperature? | Thermoregulation |
| Heart rate (HR) | The measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specified time period (usually 1 minute). |
| Blood pressure (BP) | The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/diastolic. |
| Systolic blood pressure (SBP) | The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded. |
| Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded. |
| Arterial system | The system of arteries carrying blood away from the heart. |
| Brachial artery | The primary artery of the upper arm, which is often used as a site for measuring blood pressure. |
| Why does NASM recommend fitness professionals measure resting heart rate (RHR) at the radial pulse versus the carotid pulse? | The vagus nerve lies adjacent to the carotid artery, and pressure on this nerve can slow a client’s heart rate response. |
| Anthropometry | The field of study of the measurement of living humans for purposes of understanding human physical variation in size, weight, and proportion. |
| Body mass index (BMI) | The measurement of a person’s weight relative to his or her height, which is used to estimate the risks of obesity. |
| Circumference measurement | The measurement that determines the overall dimension (girth) of a body segment, which can be used to estimate body composition or the prevalence of obesity. |
| Waist circumference | A measurement that represents the narrowest circumference taken around the midline of the body at the approximate height of the umbilicus (belly button). |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) | The relative score expressing the ratio of the waist circumference to the hip circumference, which correlates to the risk for developing cardiovascular disease. |
| Gluteal fold | The area where the fold of the buttocks joins the back of the thigh. |
| Skinfold measurements | A technique used to estimate body fat in which calipers are used to pinch the skin in certain areas of the body. |
| Jackson and Pollock 7-Site protocol | Measures the thickness of skinfolds at seven different places within the body to estimate body fat percentage |
| Jackson and Pollock 3-Site protocol | Measures the thickness of skinfolds at three different places within the body to estimate body fat percentage. |
| Four-site Durnin– Womersley protocol | Measures the thickness of skinfolds at four different places (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac) within the body to estimate body fat percentage. |
| Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) | A body composition assessment technique that estimates body fat percentage by measuring the resistance to the flow of electrical currents introduced into the body. |
| Archimedes’ principle | The assumption stating that the volume of fluid displaced is equivalent to the volume of an object fully immersed in that fluid or to the specific fraction of the volume below the surface. |
| What is the field of study of the measurement of living humans for purposes of understanding human physical variation in size, weight, and proportion? | Anthropometry |
| Which of the following represents the measurement of a person’s weight relative to their height? | BMI |
| Which principle assumes that the volume of fluid displaced by an object is equivalent to the volume of the object fully immersed in that fluid or to the specific fraction of the volume below the surface? | Archimedes’ principle |
| `Cardiorespiratory fitness | The ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to provide the body with oxygen during activity. |
| Cardiorespiratory assessments | Protocols intended to measure the aerobic fitness of an individual. |
| Mitochondria | The part of the cell that uses nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell. |
| YMCA 3-minute step test | An aerobic test that measures the cardiovascular fitness of an individual based on a 3-minute bout of stair-stepping at a specific cadence. |
| Recovery heart rate (RHR) | Recovery heart rate (RHR) |
| Rockport walk test | An aerobic test for deconditioned individuals or those of low fitness levels in which they are instructed to walk as fast as possible and have their pulse taken immediately after completing 1 mile. |
| 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run test | An aerobic test that measures cardiorespiratory endurance by having the participant cover the distance of 1.5 miles in as short a time as possible. |
| Talk test | An aerobic test that measures the participant’s ability to talk or hold a conversation during an activity at various intensity levels. |
| Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) | The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources. |
| Steady-state (SS) heart rate | Any stage at which the physiological response of heart rate from the cardiovascular system becomes relatively constant in relation to the amount of work being performed (i.e., the heart rate response matches the level of work being performed). |
| Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2) | The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity. |
| Anaerobic energy systems | Energy systems used to perform work in which glycogen is converted to glucose and oxygen is insufficient to break down pyruvate and create adenosine triphosphate. |
| What is the most valid measurement of aerobic fitness? | VO2max |
| Which of the following is the part of the cell that uses nutrients to create energy for the cell? | Mitochondrion |
| Which skinfold sites are measured if determining body composition via the Durnin-Womersley protocol? | Biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac |
| `Which of the following is a recommendation when assessing skinfold measurements? | Take a minimum of two measurements at each site; each measurement must be within 1 to 2 mm to take an average at each site. |
| What is the most valid measurement of aerobic fitness? | VO2max |
| Where is the appropriate location to take a waist circumference measurement? | At the narrowest point of the waist, below the rib cage and just above the top of the hip bones (while standing) |
| Which of the following is the initial assessment that should be completed prior to starting any exercise or training program? | Health risk assessment |
| Which of the following intensities best represents VT2 during the incremental test protocol? | When the individual responds with "no" when asked, “Can you speak competently?” |
| Which of the following waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs) places Amy (a female) in the high-risk category for cardiovascular disease? | WHR of 0.88 |
| Which test provides the most personalized assessment of an individual's true metabolic function? | Ventilatory threshold (VT1) test |
| How many skinfold sites are measured when determining body composition using the Durnin-Womersley protocol? | Four |
| Into which category would a resting blood pressure score of 128/79 mm Hg fall? | Elevated |
Created by:
aliya pacheco