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Radiology DENTAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| too much vertical angulation of the tube head when taking an x ray, the image will be... | foreshortened or reduced in length |
| when mounting film xrays, the ADA recommends placing the raised dot... | up (convex) |
| a panorex is a... | 2 dimensional image |
| should you wear a thyroid collar when taking a panorex | NO |
| a cone shaped radiopaque image on a panoramic xray is likley caused by... | use of a thyroid collar during imaging |
| MPS stands for... | Maximum permissible dose |
| the effective wavelength for a dental xray is | .01 - 0.5 nanometers |
| what part of the xray machine mostly determines the sharpness of the xray image | the focal spot |
| in the xray tube, the negatively charged electrode is the | cathode |
| a radiolucent image that can be detected on an xray is | abscess |
| diseases that can be tranmitted thru blood and saliva are | HIV, HEP B AND HEP C |
| EH Spalding wrote a classifcation system for the level of decontamination required for infected areas | TRUE |
| when taking an xray, the sensor should be covered with a plastic sleeve | TRUE |
| it is important to store the xray machine extension arm in what position to decrease leakage | closed position |
| disposal of an extracted tooth is considered to be | infectious waste |
| which type of xray will show the mandibular nerve | panorex and cone beam computed tomography |
| which intraoral imaging technique radiates the least amount of radiation exposure and has less image distortion | paralleling technique |
| anterior films are always placed... | vertically |
| trismus | when a patient cannot open their mouth all the way due to trauma or infection |
| germination is when an individual tooth tries to spit and has.. | only 1 root |
| according to the American Acadment of oral and max. radiology, the dental xray machine should be calibrated.. | once a year |
| hard radiation (xrays and gammarays) have... | short wavelengths and high penetrating power |
| the dental xray machine usually operates at.. | 70 - 90 kVp |
| if child is being uncooperative when taking bitewing xrays, the operator should hold sensor (T/F) | FALSE |
| when taking an xray of a child and a mom is holding him or her lap, who should be covered with the lead apron | mom AND child |
| which of the following is FALSE regarding hand washing | alcohol based hand gel can be used in place of soap and water on hands that are visiably dirty |
| a pregenant women can receive a maximum of mSvs during her pregnancy | 5 mSvs |
| which film does an ortho use for treatment planning | Cephalometric and a Panorex |
| what happens if patient bites too far forward on the bite block | anterior teeth will be narrow |
| extraoral radiographs | panorex and cone beam and cephalometric |
| radiopaque area | enamel, dentin and lamina dura..shows up white in xray |
| radiolucent area | pulp space, PDL and sinsus...shows up dark/black in xray |
| wavelengths travel at... | the speed of light |
| the control panel | on/off switch, timing dial, exposure time and mA setting |
| Supervising dentist is ultimately responsible for DH and DA, if negligent they can be expected to accept some financial burden (T/F) | FALSE, dentist is completely responsible |
| patients are protected by | HIPPA |
| penetration depends upon... | the setting of kVp and mAs |
| density is the blackness of an xray, to increase darkness you must... | higher the kVp |
| if the mA is too low and exposure time is too short then... | the image will be too light |
| Ampere is the number of electrons flowing through the cathode tube in dental MA should be set at 7-15 (T/F) | TRUE |
| The FASTEST film would be | F film (F for Fast) |
| ALARA | as long as reasonably achievable |
| the wet film | is never touched and uses a 3 glove method |
| Osha developed universal precaution outlines safely | people may be exposed to pathogens of blood and saliva under the bloodborne pathogen rule |
| DIGITAL IS LESS TIME SO LESS EXPOSURE, it cuts down 70 percent than wet film. | TRUE |
| what is amplitude | the vertical height from top to bottom of a wave. |
| soft radiation | has longer wavelengths with less energy and less ability to penetrate matter. |
| ionizing radiation | produced when X-Rays produce ions in their passage through matter. |
| part of the X-ray machine contains the wires necessary to connect the control panel to the tube head. | Extention Arm |
| filament | the source of electrons within the X-ray tube head and is a coil of tungsten about one centimeter in length. (burns off electrons) |
| focusing cup | is a negatively charged concave reflector cup of molybdenum. |
| collimator | increases film quality and decreases patient exposure to radiation. controls shape of beam usually lead |
| This type of radiation results when primary radiation and the atoms of an object it contacts interact. | secondary radiation |
| All of the radiation that reaches the X-ray film passing through the object being radiographed. | Remnant Radiation |
| All the radiation other than the primary beam caused by electrons hitting the glass wall and other parts of the x-ray tube. | Stray Radiation |
| Rays from the primary beam that have been deflected by tissues or other objects. | Scattered Radiation |
| When the mA is increased, the exposure time is _____ | decreased |
| _____ refers to how sharp a light or dark area is differentiated. | contrast |
| density | _____________ is the overall blackness or darkness of an image. |
| When kVp is increased, density __________ | Will appear darker |
| When kVp is decreased, density __________. | will appear lighter |
| central ray | xrays at the center of the beam |
| density | the overall blackness or darkness of an image |
| kilovoltage (kVp) | highest voltage of xray tube used during an exposure |
| primary radiation | most penetrating beam produced at the target of the anode |
| wavelength | the distance between the crest/peak of one wave to the crest/peak of the next wave. |
| frequency | the number of wavelengths that pass in a certain amount of time |
| collimator | metal disc inside the PID, limits beam size to 2 inch reduces scatter radiation by reducing size of xray beam reduce unnessesary patient exposure/narrow xray beam |
| cathode | negative charge, constisting of tungten filament in a focusing cup made of molybdenum. produces electrons |
| anode | positive charge, composed of a tungsten target embedded in the larger copper stem converts electrons to photons |
| position indicator device (PID) | used to aim the xray beam at the film in patients mouth. the open end is placed close to patient face during exposure lines up the xray beam properly |
| characteristics of an xray beam | quality, quantity and intensity |
| quality | the energy or penetrating ability of the xray beam. controlled by increasing or decreasing the kilovoltage on the x-ray machine. |
| quantity | number of xrays produced in the dental xray unit. determinded by mA and exposure time. |
| intensity | describe the number of electrons flowing through the cathode number of x-ray photons and energy of each photon) the more intense=the darker the image |
| a change in the kVp results in... | a change in the density of the radiograph |
| film storage | temp = 50 - 70 degrees humidity = 30% - 50% |
| The heart of the x-ray generating system is the: | x ray tube |
| The degree of density or blackness on a radiograph is controlled by: | the milliampere-seconds. |
| To determine if dental x-ray film is fresh: | check the expiration date and process with fresh chemicals. |
| Fresh fixer film at full strength should produce a clear film within: | 2 minutes. |
| Which landmark on the radiograph should be placed into the slot of the bite block? | the dot |
| Due to the curvature of the maxillary arch, this tooth may overlap its neighbor in the exposed radiograph. | canine |
| When taking a periapical x-ray of this tooth, the film is gently pressed on the floor of the mouth. | mandibular incisors |
| what are the two types of methods used to position bitewing radiographs | bitewing tab and positioning instruments. |
| When using a bitewing tab , the film should be held... | horizontally |
| When taking a molar bitewing, the film should be positioned to cover which teeth? | the molars and the distal half of the second premolars |
| The maxillary periapical x-ray should reveal which teeth? | The distal of the cuspid and both premolars |
| a dental assistant experiences occupational exposure. a patients blood has splashed into the assistants eye. what is the appropriate step to take | document the incident, include source individual, employee, route of exposure and how it happened. suggest dental employee have their blood tested. |
| The quantity of radiation produced is controlled by the | mA |
| Increasing the operating kilovoltage peak(kVp) will cause | an increase in density; the film will appear darker |
| A reversed smile line observed on a panoramic image is likely due to | Position of the patient's chin is too high |
| Increasing the exposure time will cause | an increase in density; the film will appear darker |
| what is Vertical angulation | The central ray of the x-ray beam must be perpendicular (at a right angle) to the image receptor and the long axis of the tooth |
| what is horizontal angulation | the central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed through the contact areas of the teeth |
| Paralleling Technique Errors | 1.Cone-cut 2.Reversed Film 3.Double Exposure 4. Patient Movement 5. Overlap 6. Incorrect Exposure Factors 7. Glasses 8. Failure to remove appliances 9.Film Bending 10.Digit at Image |
| OCCLUSAL TECHNIQUE is used to... | examine large areas of the upper or lower jaw |
| Normal Maxillary Occlusal | most common occlusal film taken. vertical angle at 65 degrees |
| Mandibular occlusal | head tipped back, xray bean at 90 degrees |
| The identification dot on the film is always placed in the slot of the film holder | YES! dot in the slot |
| The film is always centered over the areas to be examined. The film is always placed parallel to the long axis of the teeth | these are true statements |
| Attrition- | worn down occlusal or incisal edges |
| Periapical Disease | infection in the jaw bone |
| Apical Cyst | radiolucent area = attached to apex of tooth radiopaque area = rim outline of the bone |
| Apical Condensing Osteitis | dense bone in apical tooth area in response to low grade infection of the pulp |
| Taurodontism | tooth is abbreviated and the pulp is enlarged |
| Enamel Hypoplasia | enamel is pitted due to malnourishment, infection, excessive intake of fluoride |
| Dentinogenesis Imperfecta | teeth have shimmery appearance and tend to crack |
| X-ray Generation | when matter is struck by electrons traveling at a high rate of speed. must be a source of electrons, high voltage acceleration and a target |
| Tube head | contains the x-ray tube, transformers, tube head seal, and aluminum filters |
| Transformer | electromagnetic piece of equipment that can step the voltage up or down |
| Step-Down transformer | controlled by the milliamperage (mA) switch. urpose of the step down is to decrease voltage from incoming 110-220 volts to 3-5 volts. |
| Step-Up transformer | controlled by the kilovolt peak (kP) selector dial.Controls the voltage between the anode and cathode of x-ray tube. |
| Timer | controls the time that the tube current flows and x-rays produced. is measured in fractions of seconds called impulses (60 impulses = 1 second |
| Filtration | an aluminum disk, remove the low – energy photons from the beam and decrease the patient’s exposure. I.Collimators – increase film quality and decrease exposure. It forms the size and shape of the x-ray beam. |
| It is best to not take x- rays on a pregnant woman in her 1st trimester (2-5 weeks) | TRUE |
| Acute Exposure | when a large dose of radiation is absorbed in a short period |
| Chronic Exposure | when small amounts of radiation are absorbed repeatedly over a long period of time |
| Genetic Effects | Genetic - damage to genetic cells is passed on to succeeding generations |
| Somatic Effects | Somatic effects are not passed onto future generations but damage only your own body tissues |
| Absorbed dose- | amount of energy deposited by radiation in a mass which can be anything (rock, water, air, people). It is expressed in milligrays(mGy). |
| equivalent dose | calculated for individual organs and is measured in millisieverts(mSv) to an organ |
| Effective Dose | is calculated for the whole body and is the addition of equivalent doses to all organs and is measured in millisieverts(mSv) |
Created by:
grayraether
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