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Attachment/ some p1
All of attachment and a few other p1 topics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much is conformity reduced by when the unanimity was broken in Asch's conformity experiment? | conformity was reduced by 3/4 when what happened in Asch's conformity experiment |
| Define Situational choices | Choices determined or effected by the situation ie group bullying. |
| define compliance (a type of conformity) | To publicly go along with the group whilst still privately disagreeing. ie laughing at a joke you don't find funny. |
| define conformity | The tendency to change what we do/think/ say in response to real/imagined pressure from a majority group |
| Define identification (a type of conformity) | A sense of membership ie routing for whatever football team you're in the town of... it tends to be a temporary thing. |
| 1967, Holland | Which psychologist repeated Milgram's baseline study and measured if people had internal or external LOC. 37% of Internals refused to go up to 450V But also 23% of externals |
| % of group that conformed entirely in Asch's conformity experiment? | 36% of people conformed in who's experiment? |
| If a participant is described as Confederate, what does this mean? | Actors employed by the researcher. |
| Who came up with the LOC scale and what does it test? | In 1966, Rotter came up with which scale that tests what you think controls your life, it can be used to estimate how resistant you are to social influence. |
| Informational social influence (ISI) | You lack the information on how to behave so you follow the behaviour of the group so as to learn. It is a permanent change in opinion or belief (Internalisation). It is a cognitive processes |
| Normative Social Influence (Nsi) | Explanation of Conformity. It Is the fear of appearing foolish or being rejected by the group. It is a temporary change in belief leading to compliance or at most identification. |
| What affect does the difficulty of the task on the type of conformity in Asch's conformity experiment? | hard tasks= informational social influence easy tasks= nomative social influence |
| Define Locus of control (LOC) | What you believe controls your life or events You can have an internal, external or moderate LOC. |
| Findings of Milgram's base study | 100% participants went up to 300V 65% participants went all the way to 450V |
| Define deindividuation | When you become do immersed in the norms of the group that you lose your sense of identity and personal responsibility. |
| % participants who conformed at least 1x in Asch's conformity experiment? | 75% participants did what at least once in who's conformity experiment? |
| What is the magic number according to Asch's conformity experiment in terms of majority group? | where is 3 the magic number |
| Define external LOC | When you believe the world around you, other people or God(s) control your life. You are more likely to be susceptible to social influence and tend to have a'fixed mindset' |
| Define obedience | Changing your behaviour in response to the instruction of a perceived authority figure. |
| In 2004, Twenge published what theory questioning Rotter's theories? | Which psychologist analysed data from American obedience studies over a 40 year period. He found that people became more resistant to social influence but also more external. |
| Define Internal LOC | The belief that you are in control of your destiny. You are more likely to be resistant to social influence. |
| What was Milgram attempting to test. | Aim of which study, by who? To see if it is dispositional or situational reasons that being people to do evil things |
| Define Internalisation (a type of conformity) | The deepest form of conformity where you agree with the group both privately and publicly. |
| Define Dispositional choices | The choices people make as based emotionally ie some people have an angry disposition. |
| If a participant is described as naïve, what does this mean? | the person in an experiment who is being tested |
| Define Moderate LOC | Where you are in somewhere in the middle of internal and external LOC. It may vary day to day or situationally. |
| Define Short term memory (STM) | The limited capacity memory store. |
| After testing US graduates with their memory of their classmates, what did Bahrick et Al find? | Who found that the LTM memory has a very long duration but decays over time 15yrs= 90% accuracy 48 yrs= 70% accuracy on what? |
| Baddley (66) presented lists of 10 short words one at a time to Participants, what were the findings? | Who (using what method) found this STM=acoustic coding LTM=Semantic coding |
| Define proactive Interference | When old memories interfere with new memories |
| Define Retroactive interference | When new memories interfere with old ones |
| Coding of STM | In which memory is most coding acoustic? |
| Define Perception | What you're looking at. |
| Define Duration (memory) | How long information can remain. in that part of your brain. |
| Jacobs (1887) found that what was the magic memory number? | What is 7 described as in terms of memory, what does this mean? |
| Coding of LTM | Which memory form has mainly semantic storage? |
| Define semantic | word meaning meaning |
| Define Maintenance rehearsal | When you repeat something subvocally keeping it in your STM. |
| Define Capacity | How much information that part of your brain can remember/store |
| Capacity of STM | which part of memory can store between 5-9 chunks. What I'd official term for storage. |
| What is your subvocal voice? | That little voice in your head. It can help with keeping information in your STM via Maintenance rehearsal. |
| Capacity of sensory register | What in the sensory register is massive |
| Define attention | What you're focused on - it will reach your STM. Use any sense, no need to directly look at it. |
| Duration of STM | Part of memory with 18 sec ______ |
| Define Elaborative Rehearsal | The way in which we process information, either through writing/drawing/talking that places info in our LTM. |
| Duration of Sensory register | Memory lasts about 2 secs where. |
| What were Peterson & Peterson's findings from the trigram experiment | What did these 2 use to test the STM, finding that its duration is less than 30secs |
| Miller (56) Found a way to extend the STM, what is this | Through chucking we can do what? |
| What is the capacity and duration of LTM | What is unlimited in LTM |
| Define Coding (memory) | The format in which information is stored in memory. |
| Burman (1994) | Theories like Bowlby's monostrophic cause women to be blamed for anything that goes wrong for their kid emotionally, it also gives people an excuse to restrict mother's activities such as working. |
| Feldman (2007) on caregiver-infant interactions | from around 3 months, alert phases lead to increased interaction frequency and involve both mother and baby paying close attention to each other's verbal signals and facial expressions. |
| Howe (1998) | A strength of Harlow's experiments is that social workers etc now understand the importance of bonding with a caregiver and so can intervene in families where this is not happening |
| Define Asocial stage of attachment | Observable behaviour towards humans and inanimate objects similar Although babies appear to prefer humans and those who are familiar find it easier to comfort the baby. |
| Lévy et al (2003) | Separating baby rats from mother for a single day would result in a permanent effect on social development (but only social development) |
| Shaffer and Emerson (1964) on the role of the father | 70% of infants attached with mother first 27% attached equally with both parents 3% attached with father first 75% formed attachment with father by 18 months |
| Define insecure resistant (C) | (C) 3% pop Greater proximity seekers high levels of stranger and separation anxiety resist attempts at comfort from caregiver |
| What is wrong with Lorenz's study | It is not generalisable to humans as a mammal's attachment is a two-way exchange |
| Feldman and Eidelman (2007) on caregiver-infant interactions | mothers tend to recognise alert phases and respond around 2/3rds of the time |
| Koluchová et al (1976) | Reported the case of the Czech twins who had experienced severe physical and emotional abuse from age 18 months to 7 years. They received excellent care and had fully recovered by their teens/ Maybe the critical period is more of a sensitive period. |
| van IJzendoorn (1993) Stages of attachment | in Collectivist cultures, babies may reach the multiple attachments stage much more early than the Individualist norm presented in Shaffer and Emerson's study. |
| Grossman (2002) | longitudinal study Attachment to mother predicted later attachments Quality of play with father predicted the quality of later attachments |
| Shaffer and Emerson (1964) Stages of attachment (theory) | studies attachment of behaviours and found they change as babies get older Asocial Stage= 0-2 months indiscriminate attachment= 2-7 months Specific Attachment= 7-12 months Multiple Attachments=+12 months |
| Define insecure aviodant | (A) 20-25% pop explore freely without seeking proximity to the caregiver and does not react to their absence/ is not wary of the stranger Little to no reaction when the caregiver returns |
| Kornieko (2016) | genetic differences in anxiety and sociability may affect social behaviour in infants, kids and adults. |
| Simonelli (2014) | strange situation experiment on 76 Italien babies Findings= 50% secure and 36% insecure-avoidant Conclusion= Attachment types are not static and increasing numbers of Type (A) kids may be due to mothers returning to work and leaving kids in childcare. |
| Rutter et al (2011) | Followed 165 Romanian orphans for years as part of the English and Romanian adoptee (ERA) study. At age 11, when adopted= recovery level under 6 months= higher IQs regular attachment over 6 months= disinhibited attachment |
| Kagan (1982) | Although the strange situation experiment clearly measures something important, it may just be genetic differences in anxiety etc And thus it may not actually measure attachment |
| Ainsworth's strange situation procedure | 1) caregiver(cg) and infant(i) enter a playroom 2) I encouraged to explore 3) stranger comes in and talks to caregiver 4) cg leaves stranger alone with i 5)cg returns and stranger leaves 6) cg leaves i alone 7)stranger returns 8) cg returns end |
| What is the flaw regarding the asocial stage of Shaffer and Emerson's theory of stages of attachment | Babies under 2 months are pretty immobile, they may have been very social but unable to communicate effecivtlely so caregivers miss signals. This would make them appear asocial. |
| Bick et al (2012) | Stested inter-rater reliability for the strange situation experiment and found a 94% agreement on attachment type. |
| Crotwell et al (2013) on caregiver-infant interactions | Found that a 10-minute Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) improved interactional synchrony in 20 low-income mothers and their preschool kids. |
| McCallum and Golombok (2004) | Children in queer families do not develop differently from heterosexual families (which logically wouldn't be the case if mothers and fathers had concrete roles in parenthood) |
| What is the real world application of Shaffer and Emerson's theory of stages of attachment | Parents' use of daycare can be planned using the stages, eg asocial and indiscriminate stages may be easy to deal with but starting daycare with an unfamiliar adult in the specific or multiple attachment stages may be more difficult. |
| Define proximity seeking | distance infant is willing to go from caregiver |
| Sears et al (1957) | We all have innate primary drives such as hunger The caregiver provides the infant food so solving of the hunger drive is associated with the caregiver This attachment is a secondary drive which is learned through association |
| Define alert phases | when a baby signals that they are ready for a spell of interacting. |
| Goldfarb (1947) | Children remaining in institutions showed significantly lowered IQ vs those who were fostered/adopted |
| Define Disinhibited attachment (D) | Found in kids raised in institutions attention seeking clinginess social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults regardless of familiarity. |
| What is a weakness of having parents observe and report on babies behaviour in Shaffer and Emerson's study | Parents are unlikely to be objective observers. Parents with newborns are often exhausted so might miss somehting or not tell the exact truth (knowingly or otherwise) |
| Ward et al (2006) | securely attached babies go on to have better mental health in adulthood |
| Define secure-base behaviour | Even when independent of attachment figure, we tend to make regular contact with them Kids will return to their parents regularly while playing. |
| What are the real life benefits of Bowlby's findings on montrophism | Custody disputes were more likely to be settled in favour of the Father because mothers were deemed unimportant key workers in child day care to form an attachment and trust |
| What are the issues with Harlow's techniques? | He put the monkeys under severe and lifelong distress regardless of the strengths of his work. |
| What is one strength of the cultural variations of the strange situation study | Most of the cross-cultural researchers were indigenous psychologists, so were likely to have better communication and better control over bias around ppts so the studies are likely valid |
| What is the problem with trying to observe babies? | Babies lack coordination and are almost immobile. The movements observed are small and subtle and may literally be caused by anything beyond a response to interaction. There may not be a special meaning after all. |
| Define reciprocity (or turn taking) | When each person in attachment responds to the other and elicits a response in return. |
| Dollard and Miller (1950) | learning theory I is hungry so food is an ucs and the cg is the ns. The i associates the cg with food so responds with love i also cry to get food/comfort etc this acts as a punishment to the cg stop the crying (reward) behaviours reinforced. |
| Feldman (2012) on caregiver-infant interactions | ideas like synchrony simply put names to observable patterns in caregiver and baby behaviours. We do not really know the purpose of these behaviours so these studies may not be helpful |
| Field (1978) | Primary caregiver fathers did the same behaviours for the same lengths of time as primary caregiver mothers. Fathers are adaptable. |
| What is the benefit of the tendency of research on infant-caregiver interactions to be filmed in a laboratory setting? | It means that data can be analysed later so nothing is missed and that an archive can be formed to produce inter-rater reliability across studies. Babies also do not know they are being observed sp their behaviour will not change as a result. |
| Define stranger anxiety | expression of anxiety when a stranger approaches/ is present |
| What is a strength of having parents observe and report on babies behaviour in Shaffer and Emerson's study | If researchers had been present to record observations, then the caregiver/ infant may have acted differently, thus they would have acted naturally. |
| Hay and Vespo (1988) | parents teach their kids to love them by modelling behaviours and reinforcing loving behaviour such as smiling. (link to reciprocity) |
| Langton (2006) | Studying the Romanian orphans may be positive as we can learn what definatley not to do But also how to better help people and improve the care system |
| Lorenz (1952) (sexual imprinting) | Described a peacock that had been reared in a reptile house, it copied mating techniques and would only flirt with giant tortoises |
| Define separation distress | People showing signs of anxiety when attachment figure leaves their presence |
| Where may the strange situation study run into confounding variables | cross-cultural studies are not usually matched for methodology. things such as poverty may affect the study eg behaviour in a large plain room vs one filled with lots of toys. urban kids more likely to be more used to changing environments etc |
| Lorenz (1952) (imprinting) | Imprinting in geese Half the eggs in a clutch were hatched in the presence of the mother, half in his presence The goslings followed whoever they saw at hatching He identified a critical period of a few hours |
| Define seeking proximity | people trying to stay physically close to their attachment figure |
| Define imposed etic | cross-cultural universality, eg we assume an idea or technique that works in one culture will work in others It may in fact be meaningless to compare cross culturally |
| Van Ijenddorn and Kroonenburg (1988) | meta-analysis of 32 studies Most infants were type B but this varies from 75% in the UK to 50% in China Collectivist cultures such as Japan China and Israel (~25%) had high rates of type C babies in comparison to Individualist culture babies (3-13%) |
| Wilson and Smith (1998) | Securely attached= no involovement in bullying Insecure - avoidant= victim of bullying Insecure - resistant=The bully |
| Define secure-base behviour | Willingness of infant to explore a new environment and return to the caregiver as if they are a base regularly |
| Isabella (1989) on caregiver-infant interactions | Observed 30 mothers and babies together and assessed the degree of synchrony and the quality of the attachment (eg the emotional intensity of the attachment) high levels of synchrony were associated with a better quality attachment. |
| What is a strength of learning theory? | Although food may not play a central role in attachment, babies may form primary or at least secondary attachments by associating comfort with particular adults |
| Schaffer and Emerson (1964) Stages of attachment (study) | observational study of 60 babies, 31 boys and 29 girls from Glasgow. And asked questions relating to things like stranger and separation anxiety. They visited every month for the first year and once at 18 months. |
| According to Bowlby what are the effects of maternal deprivation | intellectual development=low IQ Emotional development=affectionless psychopath - poor relationships and high propensity for crime. |
| Define Specific stage of attachment | classic signs of attachment towards one particular person Stranger and separation anxiety are present unless with the primary attachment figure In the study this was the babies mother 65% of the time. |
| What are the 3 attachment types | Secure attachment (B) Insecure -avoidant (A) insecure -resistant (C) |
| Define Multiple stage of attachment | After they show attachment behaviour, babies will make the bond with other familiar people |
| These are called secondary attachments and the study found that 29 | of babies developed this within a month of reaching the specific attachment stage. |
| Define securely attached | (B) 60-75% pop Displays exploration and secure base behaviour Is wary of the stranger and does not like being left alone but only moderately Readily accepts comfort on caregiver's return |
| Bailey (2007) | Mothers' quality of attachment with their one-year-old infants often matched the attachment they had with their own mothers. |
| According to Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation, what is the difference between separation and deprivation? | Separtion=Readily accepts comfort on caregiver's returnbrief periods such as a night or something - the mother's emotional affection is replaced by another caregiver. Deprivation=long time periods without a mother's love cause harm |
| How can we recognise attachment in humans (esp infants and young kids) | display behaviours such as seeking proximity having separation distress displaying secure-base behaviour |
| What did Harlow find about maternal deprivation | The monkeys raised on the wire mother alone were the worst, but all had poor social skills and were more aggressive than usual. They mated less and those that did become mothers neglected/attacked their kids. |
| Hazan and Shaver (1987) | Self report questionnaire in newspaper. 1st third =respondent's current/most important relationship 2nd third= general love experiences eg number of partners 3rd part =attachment type. Findings: B: good relationships A: fear C= hard friendships |
| Meltzoff and Moore (1977) on caregiver-infant interactions | Observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony as young as 2 weeks old. |
| Becker-stoll et al (2008) | followed 43 individuals aged 1 - 16. Found no correlation between attachment type and relationships |
| Define separation anxiety | anxiety expressed when infant is separated from caregiver |
| Beryy Braelton (1975) on caregiver-infant interactions | Describes caregiver-infant interactions as being like a dance where each partner responds to the other. Old thinking= passive baby role Now= active baby role, iniate action etc |
| Bowlby's monotrophic theory (1988) | drew on his own experiences A- Adaptive (evolution) S- social releasers (inate & trigger interaction) C- critical period - 2 yrs M- Monotrophism - lifelong impact of attachment to primart cg I- internal working model (for future relationships) |
| Bowlby (1944) | 44 thieves study - opportunity sample, correlational study 14/44 juvenile thieves were affectionless psychopaths and 12 had been deprived of attachment vs 2 in the control group. |
| Define Indiscriminate stage of attachment | clear preference of people over objects no apparent separation or stranger anxiety. |
| Harlow (1958) | Reared 16 baby monkeys on 3 wire 'mothers' One dispensed milk The other was covered in cloth (babies' preference) When frightened the baby would always run to the cloth mother Thus contact comfort is more necessary than food in bonding. |
| Brazleton (1975) | babies trigger interactions with adults using social releasers Researchers told caregivers to ignore releasers - babies became increasingly distressed and some eventually curled up and lay motionless. |
| Define attachment | A close emotional bond between individuals in which each individual sees the other as essential for their emotional wellbeing. |
| Define interactional synchrony (Feldman (2007)) | "the temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviour" Infant and caregiver interact in such a way that their actions and emotions mirror each other. |
| What did Harlow find to be the critical period? | 90 Days |
| Clarke and Clarke (1998) | Insecure attachment does not invariably cause an increased risk of later developmental problems, and the knowledge of attachment type may cause an unhelpful self-fulfilling prophecy. |
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