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Geography EOY Rev
Development, Glaciation & Geographical skills
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is development? | it involves economic, social and environmental progress |
| How can we measure development? (4) | - GNI (gross national income) - GDP (gross domestic product) - GNP (gross national product) - HDI (human development index) |
| What is GNI? (2) | - measures economic development - total amount of money a country make annually (trading) |
| What is GDP? (2) | - measures economic development - total amount of money made within boundaries of country (salaries, purchases made in country) |
| What is HDI? (2) | - measures life expectancy, education and finance altogether - number from 0-1 awarded to country based off of these factors |
| Why is HDI better than GNI and GDP? | Because it covers more aspects than economic development and is more well-rounded as it is socioeconomic |
| What are natural factors that limit development? (4) | . natural disasters . lack of raw material . dry climates . land locked (no close water source) |
| What are economic factors that limit development? (3) | . low healthcare . low average income . debt |
| What are the social factors that limit development? (5) | . disease . classism . low status of women . illiteracy . poor living standard |
| What are the political factors that limit development? (3) | . colonial history . war . corrupt government |
| What are the biomes in Africa? (4) | - the rainforest - hot desert - semi-desert - savanna |
| what are the main features in a rainforest? (3) | - warm and wet all year - lots of plants species - monkeys, birds, snakes, hippos |
| what are the main features in a hot desert? (4) | - hot in the day, cold in the night - very little rain - strong winds - plants and animals adapted to water |
| what are the main features of a semi-desert? (4) | - cooler than desert but always warm - some rain over few months of the year - grass, low shrubs, scattered trees - most people farm here |
| what are the main features of a savanna? (4) | - warm all year with a wet season and long dry season - all grassland with scattered trees - grow crops, raise animals here - desertification duo to overgrazing |
| What are the main examples of natural disasters? (4) | 1. drought 2. flood 3. tropical storm 4. earthquake |
| How does drought limit development? (4) | - it causes sickness and disease - it happens in places with LUSH rain - crops die out - job loss - desertification |
| What does LUSH stand for? | Low, Unreliable, Seasonal and Heavy rain |
| How does a flood limit development? (3) | - loss of lives - affect infrastructure - loss of jobs |
| How does a tropical storm limit development? (3) | - devastate buildings - expensive to regain - uproot animals and crops |
| What is desertification? | The spread of desert-like conditions in arid environments |
| How is desertification caused? (2) | 1. Human processes - removal of vegetation, overgrazing 2. Physical processes - LUSH rainfall, heavy when it falls, eroding soil or causing surface run-off |
| What are the 3 types of Aid? | 1. Bilateral aid 2. Multilateral aid 3. Voluntary aid |
| What is Bilateral aid? (3) | - when one government helps another one - there are conditions attached and some countries may not be able to fulfill them and end in debt - short term aid |
| What is Multilateral aid? (3) | - money given from World Banks and groups of countries - there are conditions attached - short term aid |
| What is Voluntary aid? (3) | - from charities, non-governmental organizations - unreliable, may not have money when needed - long term aid |
| What is Short term aid? | emergency aid that helps at times of disaster e.g. drought, floods |
| What is Long term aid? | has a lasting effect by providing SUSTAINABLE solutions and encourages people to help themselves in the future |
| What are examples of conditions that may be attached to aid? (3) | . to purchase things from the helper's country . to spend money on important things: education, healthcare . to give back resources in return |
| How would you describe a climate graph? (5) | 1. statements about temperature and rain 2. average temp + rain 3. range 4. total 5. highest/lowest temp + rain in month |
| What is a glacier? | A massive body of slowly moving ice |
| What are inputs in Glaciers as systems? | - they add to the mass of a glacier e.g. snowfall, avalanche, freezing, de-sublimation |
| What are outputs in Glaciers as systems? | - they take away from the mass of the glacier e.g. evaporation, melting, ice-berg formation |
| What are stores in Glaciers as systems? | - the matter and energy present e.g. snow and ice |
| What is accumulation in Glaciers as systems? (3) | - the zone of accumulation is the top half of the glacier - where snowfall > snowmelt - snow can be compacted here into firn |
| What is ablation in Glaciers as systems? (2) | - the zone of ablation is the bottom half of the glacier - where snowmelt> snowfall |
| What is the equilibrium in Glaciers as systems? (2) | - where ablation = accumulation - it is in between the two zones |
| What is the snout in Glaciers as systems? | - the lowest point of the glacier |
| Why does a glacier change in size seasonally? (summer and winter) | SUMMER: the high temps cause more outputs such as melting, and there is more ablation and the glacier retreats up the valley WINTER: the low temps cause more inputs such as snowfall, and there is more accumulation and the glacier advances down |
| What is weathering? | Breakdown of rocks by chemical and physical processes |
| What is the process of freeze-thaw weathering? (4) | 1. water collects in a rock crack 2. falling temps cause water to freeze, expanding and forcing the crack to widen 3. more water collects in different cracks and deepens the crack 4. contractions and expansions are repeated until rock splits (scree) |
| What is the process of plucking? (2) | . Loosened bits of are frozen to the underside of the glacier . As the glacier moves, it plucks bits of rock from the valley floor |
| What is the process of abrasion? | It is plucked rock frozen to the glacier that scrapes at and wears away the valley sides and floors |
| What is a corrie? | - a large, bowl-shaped valley with jagged peaks around - often has a lake (tarn) pooled at the bottom |
| How is a corrie formed? (3) | 1. it is formed when snow in a hollow compacts in ice 2. gravity pulls the ice downwards 3. ice moves in a circular motion which erodes the hollow into a bowl shaped valley |
| What is an arete? | - a jagged ridge with two steep sides |
| How is an arete formed? (3) | 1. two corries form side by side 2. they cut back towards each other 3. freeze-thaw weathering and plucking push the back wall and corries retreat towards eachother |
| What is a pyramidal peak? | - jagged point, with 3+ steep sides |
| How is a pyramidal peak formed? (3) | 1. 3 or more corries form side by side 2. they cut back towards each other 3. freeze thaw weathering and plucking push the back wall |
| What is a U shaped valley? (2) | - a deep valley with sheer straight sides and a flat bottom - it appears as a curve or a 'U' |
| How is a U shaped valley formed? (3) | 1. a glacier flows and erodes the land around it 2. it plucks and abrades the base and sides 3. a U shaped valley is left once the glacier melts |
| What is a hanging valley? (2) | - a dip in the large wall of the U shaped valley - it has a stream flowing through it |
| How is a hanging valley formed? (3) | 1. formed by a small tributary glacier perpendicular to the main glacier 2. when the ice melts, streams begin to flow through it in a V 3. when no more land can flow across, a waterfall is formed |
| What is a misfit river? (2) | - a thin river flowing through a U shaped valley - it is clearly too large for the river |
| How is a misfit river formed? (2) | 1. when a glacier melts and the tributaries return 2. when the river returns, it looks too small for the valley because it has been eroded, expanding the valley |
| What is a ribbon lake? (2) | - it is a long narrow, lake - it fills the floor of a U-shaped valley |
| How is a ribbon lake formed? (2) | 1. moving glaciers gouge out troughs in the valley floor by hard rocks sliding over softer rocks 2. the troughs fill with meltwater from the melted ice |
| What are erratics? | - Rocks and boulders picked up and transported many km by a glacier and deposited in an area of different rock |
| What is deposition? | the dumping of eroded material when the glacier no longer has enough energy to carry it |
| What is moraine? | a mix of debris, rock, sand and clay |
| What is terminal moraine? (2) | - it marks the furthest or maximum point the glacier reached |
| What is lateral moraine? | - rocks are deposited along the side of the glacier |
| What is medial moraine? | - the ridge of rocks are formed when two lateral moraines (ridges on the side) join where two glaciers meet |
| What is the benefit of tourism in cold environments? | |
| What are some challenges that come with tourism? | - employment is seasonal and low paying - housing is expensive for locals as tourist buy 2nd houses here - tourists produce pollution from vehicles |
| What are the solutions for the challenges? | - many young workers can take on multiple jobs which change with the season and tourism - government offers housing for workers just outside Chamonix - work on public transportation (electric vehicle hire) |
| How do you find the 4 figure grid reference on an O.S. map? | line on the left of the location line on the bottom of the location |
| How do you find the 6 figure grid reference on an O.S. map? | split the y and x axis's into tenths the 3rd number is how far along the horizontal axis the location is the 6th number is how far along the vertical axis the location is |
| What do the contour lines on an OS. map mean? | Distance between the lines indicate steepness close = steep, spread = flat |
| What is primary data? | when data is collected first hand by the researcher specifically to answer the question |
| What is secondary data? | collected by someone other than the researcher for a different purpose and published for public use |
| What is quantitative data? | expressed as a number |
| What is a qualitative data? | not expressed as a number |
| what is systematic sampling? | data collected at regular set intervals |
| what is random sampling? | each member of population has an equal chance of selection |
| What is pragmatic data? | based off of practical reasons e.g. to avoid danger |
| What is stratified data? | used where there are groups within a population to ensure there are samples from all groups |
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sara-s xxx
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