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PSY 212
Chapter 5: Drugs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| drug | substance entering the body changes the body or its functioning |
| psychoactive drugs | those that have psychological effects, such as anxiety relief or hallucinations |
| addiction | identified by preoccupation with obtaining a drug, compulsive use of drug in spite of adverse consequences, and a high tendency to relapse after quitting |
| withdrawal | negative reaction that occurs when drug use is stopped |
| tolerance | individual becomes less responsive to the drug and requires increasing amounts of the drug to produce the same results |
| opiates | drugs derived from the opium poppy |
| heroin | synthesized from morphine |
| endorphins | endogenous (generated within the body) opioids |
| depressants | drugs that reduce central nervous system activity |
| ethanol | alcohol; a drug fermented from fruits, grains, and other plant products; it acts at many brain sites to produce euphoria (sense of happiness), anxiety reduction, sedation, motor incoordination, and cognitive impairment |
| stimulants | activate the central nervous system to produce arousal, increased alertness, and elevated mood |
| cocaine | extracted from the South American coca plant, produces euphoria, decreases appetite, increases alertness, and relieves fatigue |
| amphetamines | a group of synthetic drugs that produce euphoria and increase confidence and concentration |
| nicotine | primary psychoactive and addictive agent in tobacco |
| caffeine | the active ingredient in coffee and tea, produces arousal, increased alertness, and decreased sleepiness |
| psychedelic drugs | compounds that cause perceptual distortions in the user |
| marijuana | dried and crushed leaves and flowers of the Indian hemp plant (Cannabia sativa) |
| THC | cannabinoid; a group of compounds that includes two known endogenous cannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG |
| reward | refers to the positive effect an object or a condition–such as a drug, food, sexual contact, or warmth |
| mesolimbic pathway | consists of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and connecting to several targets in the limbic system, especially the nucleus accumbens |
| sensitization | “reverse tolerance” related to synaptic plasticity changes that make neurons more sensitive to chemical changes |
| agonists | direct; drugs that bind to a receptor and facilitate (promote) postsynaptic effects |
| antagonists | direct; drugs that bind to a receptor and inhibit postsynaptic effects |
| noncompetitive binding | indirect; drug binds to a secondary binding site on the receptor and may act as an agonist/antagonist (usually referred to as “partial” agonist or antagonist) |
| GABA | an essential inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that plays a role in slowing down the activity of the neurons |
| glutamate | excitatory neurotransmitter that helps neurons to stimulate neural impulses |
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senthis1
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