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Aggression
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aggression | • Behaviour intended to harm individuals. Actions as well as words can be aggressive |
| Instrumental (proactive) aggression | inflicting harm to obtain something of value Aggression aimed at harming someone for personal gain, attention or self defence |
| Emotional (reactive) aggression | inflicting harm for its own sake Often impulsive and carried out at the heat of the moment |
| Cultural differences - x 3 | -Gun-related violence is high in the US -Group aggression (hooligans) high in western europe -Groping on public transport in japan (64% of women in 20s and 30s have experienced it - introduced female only carriages) |
| Gender differences | women are seen to be more aggressive in indirect settings |
| Indirect aggression | Telling lies to get someone into trouble; or shutting a person out of desired activities |
| Origins of aggression, Bandura,1973 - | ○ Positive reinforcement -Aggression produces desirable outcomes (A child getting a toy by hitting the toy owner will hit again) ○ Negative reinforcement -Aggression stops undesirable outcomes(A boy stopping teasing by shoving them away will do it again) |
| Social learning theory (Bandura,1977) | · The theory that behaviour is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishment ·People learn from 'models' through direct experience or media ·positive attitudes for aggression may develop |
| Gee and Leith (2007) - Analysed the penalty records from 200 games in USA national ice hockey league | ○ Ice hockey players born in the US and born in Europe took part. US players were more likely to be exposed to aggressive ice hockey models in the past |
| - Wilkinson and Carr (2008) - interviewed 416 young violent offenders from New York | ○ 93% had seen some get beaten badly ○ 75% had seen someone get knifed ○ 92% had seen someone get shot ○ 77% had seen someone get killed - 75% had seen a close friend get killed |
| Baren et al (1978 )- measured the number of riots on streets in American cities and correlated this with the temperature in those cities | between 81-85 degrees had the greatest increase/peak in riots per day = 21 riots/day |
| Excitation transfer theory (Zillman, 1983,1984,2003) | Arousal triggered by one stimulus can be transferred to the arousal of a second stimulus. The combined arousal is seen as having been caused by one stimulus - When temp is hot >Discomfort Arousal/ negative affect>Aggression towards a salient object |
| Vrij et al, 1994 ○ Police officers saw a video scenario on a large screen | ○ A man is threatened the participant with a crowbar but did not attack ○ It was either 21 degrees (C1) or 27 degrees (C2) in the room - Significant difference in that the higher the temperature the more likely p's would provide aggressive answers |
| Dutton et al, 1974 - bridge arousal affect | unaccompanied males were asked by a female to be in a study and to call them later either on a windy bridge 230 feet high (C1) or 10 foot bridge (C2) - The height if the bridge increases arousal and the males think the arousal is a result of the female |
| The colour black - Frank et al., (1988) - Hockey | measured the number of penalties given against a team in the ice hockey league =The top 3 teams of penalties given against them were wearing darker sides |
| Perceived aggression - Frank et al., (1988) - referees | ○ Referees were shown a video of a football game with the team either wearing white (C1 ) or black (C2) kits ○ They were asked to judge how aggressive the tackles were - black uniforms had 7 aggressive impressions compared to whites 5 |
| Vrij (1996) - pub attack video - black clothing | • Uni of Portsmouth students saw a video of a man attacking someone else in a pub The attacker either wore black (c1) or light (c2) clothing - the black clothed individual was perceived more aggressive |
| Vrij & Akehurst (1997) - woman reporting to police - black clothing | • P's saw a woman reporting to the police about an assault on the bus at night before. She wore either light (C1 ) or dark (C2 ) clothing When the woman wore darker clothing she was believed less often |
| Effects of TV viewing on aggression in prisons (Lyens et al., 1975) | • In baseline week prisoners were assessed as being 'high' or 'low' aggressive • In movie week prisoners saw either aggressive films (c1) or neutral films (c2) - In the movie week when watching an aggressive films exhibited way more aggressive behaviours |
| Other sources of aggression | Aggressive video films (Anderson & Dill, 200) Listening to violent lyrics in music (Johnson, jackson & Batto, 1995) Violent video games (Moeller & Krahe, 2009) |
| How media causes aggression | - Media violence can trigger hostile thoughts which makes people interpret other peoples behaviour as hostile - Media violence desensitises people to violence and makes it acceptable |
Created by:
willkruger
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