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Conformity
Conformity, compliance and obedience
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Conformity | The tendency to change our perceptions, opinions or behaviour in ways that are consistent with group norms |
| Majority influence - Asch (1951) (An example of normative influence) | Control condition; 7 p's in groups of 7 gave the answers individually and aloud (18 trials) Unanimous condition; 1 participant and 6 confederates. The 6 confederates gave the correct answers during 6 trials and the same, but incorrect during 12 trials |
| asch 1951 results | 37% of people in the unanimous condition - 1 p the rest confederates, gave incorrect answers the highest % of conformity was with a group size between 4-13 (38%) |
| Informational influence (which leads to private conformity) | - the change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position of others - more powerful influence |
| Normative influence (which leads to public conformity) | - a superficial change in overt behaviour. Where the group is blatantly wrong but doesn't dare challenge the group ○ Due to feelings if being excluded |
| Minority influence | an incorrect minority can influence a majority as long as they are unanimous and consistent in their opinion |
| Minority influence Behavioural style (Moscovici) | - P's saw 36 slides, all blue but of different intensity The consistent minority, even tho 8% were influenced, were able to convince and influence the majority by being consistent |
| Factors that aid minority influence | 1. Personal benefit 2. Uncertainty - about the answer/solution 3. Likeability 4. Snowball effect |
| Individualistic cultures | autonomy and independence are valued (US, asutralia, UK, Canada) |
| Collectivistic cultures | harmony and fitting in are valued (colombia, china, japan, peru etc) ○ Conformity rates are higher in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures (Bond and Smith,1996) |
| Compliance | changes in behaviour that are elicited by direct requests ○ People often get others to comply by setting traps |
| The norm of reciprocity | treating others as they have treated us |
| Cialdini,2009 - The foot in the door | make people comply with small initial request; they are then more likely to comply with a second bigger request |
| Cialdini,2009 - Lowballing | first obtain agreement and then raise the request ○ Works through commitment and thinking of the positive aspects of the initial decision |
| Cialdini,2009 - The door in the face | make a large initial request that will be rejected followed by a reasonable one ○ Works through reciprocal concession (both parties compromise) |
| Cialdini,2009 - That’s-not-all technique | start with an inflated request then decrease the size offering a discount ○ Eg. People were asked if they wanted to buy cupcakes for 75p, 44% bought; compared to saying the price was £1 and has been reduced to 75p, 73% bought (Burger,1986) |
| Obedience | behaviour change produced by the commands of authority |
| milgram, 1965 obedience electric shock study | p's always a teacher administrating the shocks and questions ; the confederate was the learner and would receive a shock if they got the questions wrong The researcher was always wearing a lab coat and would urge for the participant to continue |
| nilgram, 1965 results | - 60% of p's gave the max 450V deadly shock after simply urging p's to give it after a maximum of 4 participant refusals |
| situational factors of milgrams, 1965 study | 1. Proximity of the victim - seeing p's reduced obedience 2. Authority of the experimenter - R in the room was the highest levels of obedience comparing to telephone and no experimenter 3. Peer pressure - Obeying; confederate continue until 450V (85%) |
| Burger (2009) re-did Milgram's study | - Maximum V was 150V - Milgram showed that most who went beyond 150V went all the way Diverse group of p's ranging from 20-81 yrs (American) 70% went onto maximum V(150) if were urged to do so |
| Dolinski et al (2015) re-did Milgram's study in Poland | - Max V was 450V - Effect of gender of p's and learner were examined. No significant results due to ceiling effect - P's rangeing from 18-69yrs 90% went the full 450V |
| Social impact theory (Latane, 1981) - Strength of the source | competent or authoritative source has more impact |
| Social impact theory (Latane, 1981) - Immediacy/proximity | the closer the source is to the target, the stronger the impact |
| Social impact theory (Latane, 1981) - Number of people | if the number of sources increases, the imoact increases to a point |
| Social impact theory (Latane, 1981) - Resist social pressure | if i) the target is strong and far from the source (Milgram - telephone condition) ii) and if target is accompanied by others (Asch) |
Created by:
willkruger
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