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pharm final
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of Pharmacotherapeutics? | The use of drugs to diagnose disease or to prevent pregnancy |
| What are some common Interaction concerns when talking about Polypharmacy? | - The elderly are predisposed/ Those with comorbidities - Higher chance of adverse effects / interactions - Higher chance of toxicity due to drugs staying in the bloodstream for a longer period of time. |
| Risk Factors that can cause an adverse Drug event? | - Hereditary Factors - Pre-existing Factors: HTN, Heart Failure, Age, Pregnancy -Young children -Elderly |
| Reason we would use genetic testing before giving a drug? | - Cancer medications often need testing - Genes can accelerate or slow metabolism |
| Why do we have such differences in side effects between women and men? | - most drug studies are based off of men. Very few research is based off of women |
| What kind of drugs should we shy away from during pregnancy and when? | - Teratogens -> drugs that are fatal / harmful to fetus - Most sensitive times are 1st/3rd tri - Kidneys, Liver and GI are more common targets in the 3rd Trimester - Aspirin can cause increased bleeding - possibility of preterm labor |
| What would we expect to see in neonates who have been effected with heroin use? | - they experience withdrawal -shrieking cry -flailing arms - need drugs to be weaned out of withdrawal |
| What can we do raise compliance in children and what is common dosages in children? | - Dosing normally by weight in mL - pharmacy can flavor if liquid - least amount of dosages = higher compliance |
| Why are nenoates more suseptible to CNS effects and what does that look like? | - Due to their blood brain barrier being underdeveloped - Sleepy, lethargic and not arousable. |
| Why do we need to use caution when prescribing Demerol to the elderly? | High risk of seizures, confusion and delirium |
| What is a priority nursing assessment when giving an anticholinergic medication? | -cant see, shit, piss or spit dry mouth , blurry vision, urinary retention, constipation - monitor I/O, keep hydrated, abdominal exams often |
| What is the role of epinephrine in anaphylactic shock? | is it the drug of choice due to the bronchodilation that is causes |
| How do we evaluate that dopamine is effective? | - Increase BP, increased cardiac output, "happy hormone" |
| What is the 1st dose effect in an alpha blocker? | - Orthostatic hypotension -always give at bedtime to reduce effects |
| Drug of choice for parkinsons? | Levodopa/ Carbidopa |
| How do we know parkinsons med -levodopa is working correctly? | Less tremors, improved gait, improved bradykinesia and postural instability |
| Alzheimer's -> How do we monitor medication effectiveness | improvement in quality of life and activities of daily living |
| Alzheimer's -> Mechanism of Action teaching for cholinesterase inhibitor? | Acetyl choline does not get destroyed -> reducing deterioration |
| Multiple Sclerosis-> how do we teach the patient on the treatment? | recognize that the treatment is not a cure but will help slow down the progress and decrease frequency and severity of episodes. |
| What are some side effects we would teach a patient about when referring to their seizure medication? | possible sedation - no driving avoid alcohol |
| What are some symptoms we can explain to the patient to show their medication is effective towards their seizures? | - while you may not stop having seizures all together, you should have less severe and less frequent seizures. |
| What type of medications would we expect to administer to a patient suffering from muscle spasms? | Muscle Relaxers-> ex: Diazepam or Baclofen |
| What are some side effects we should be aware of when a patient is receiving Cyclobenzaprine? | Dry mouth, Dizziness, Ataxia and Sedation |
| A patient is experiencing a moderate to severe pain and rates it as an 8 out of 10? | Based on a scale the patient would receive morphine. |
| What symptoms would make you recommend the use of Narcan? | Respiration rate under 10 pinpoint pupils unarousable with physical stimualtion |
| What can be contraindicated with Hydrocodone/ Acetaminophen ? | Any CNS depressants> can potentiate a respiration rate too low |
| What are some contraindication when receiving ASA? 'aspirin' | should not take aspirin if bleeding disorders are present in the 3rd trimester Children -> Reye's Syndrome Alcohol PUD Breastfeeding |
| What are some priority outcomes for patients taking Haloperidol? | We would want to see a decrease in psychotic behavior, agitation, and hallucinations. |
| What is an appropriate antibiotic to give a patient on Sertraline? | Amoxicillin is the best option. Do not give any Azithromycin or Zpacks. |
| What are some symptoms of Toxicity and other side effects when taking Lithium? | Lithium Toxicity-> Slurred Speech, seizures, Polyuria and hyponatremic , tremors. Tinnitus |
| How can we practice cultural sensitivity when a patient is experiencing a panic attack and refuses nursing interventions? | - Give patient room to practice any cultural or religious practice unless patient is unsafe or showing signs of urgency. -Accommodate patient as needed. |
| What are some common reasons we would have compliancy in adolescents taking Methylphenidate. | 'ritalina and concerta' are short acting scheduled meds, it can be difficult to comply with for a child in school. |
| What are some side effects we could see in a patient taking Spironolactone? | - spironolactone is a potassium sparing diuretic - can cause hyperkalemia> SOB, chest pain and abnormal cardiac rhythyms. |
| Nursing interventions we should use when a patient is taking Furosemide? | Furosemide is a loop diuretic We should monitor potassium and sodium levels. monitor for orthostatic hypotension, keep pt hydrated, giving in the morning to reduce nocturia. |
| What are some therapeutic uses for Sodium Bicarbonate? | Metabolic Acidosis-> pH is low S/S -> headache, weakness, increased HR, LOC |
| What are common side effects for a patient on ACE Inhibitors? | Hyperkalemia-> SOB, drop in BP and orthostatic hypotension. Dry hacky cough |
| What is a common food interaction with Verapamil? | Grapefruit> increases the blood level of verapamil. |
| What is the mechanism of Action of Verapamil? | verapamil is a calcium channel blocker, it binds to the calcium channel reducing the influx of calcium. Reducing the muscle contraction in the blood vessel -> reducing Blood pressure. |
| What are some signs to show that Clonidine is effective? | Induces Vasodilation thereby lowering blood pressure. |
| Metoprolol is used with Type 1 Diabetes, what adverse effects should we expect to see? | There is a high chance of the drug masking hypoglycemia. |
| Mechanism of Action for Atenolol | blocks the stimulation of beta 1 adrenergic (Heart) cells. (does not affect beta 2- lungs) |
| Risk Factors for dysrhythmias with Digoxin | -Hypokalemia, Heart Failure, and AV block |
| Side Effects of Digoxin? | -Dysrhythmias, Halos in eyesight do not give under 60bpm |
| Adverse effects of amiodarone? and what are some priority nursing assessments that would need to be done? | - visual impairment, pulmonary toxicity (flu like), thyroid toxicity, liver toxicity, cardiotoxicity. - monitor AST/ALT |
| Nursing Assessment for side effects when a patient is on Statin Drugs? | - causes muscle toxicity > watch for weakness and pain taking CoQ10 can lower side effects. |
| Nitroglycerin side effects? | -Headaches, Flushing, Orthostatic Hypotension, Tachycardia don't take with erectile dysfunction medications |
| priority assessment for Warfarin and signs of DVT. | - assess leg pain, redness, swelling and warmth. -do not massage area, a clot can dislodge. |
| Teachings for a patient taking insulin? | - rotate injection sites, roll in hand, keep in fridge. - keep sweets nearby incase of hypoglycemia, eat protein. |
| Reportable adverse effects when taking Metformin? | Lactic acidosis-> hyperventilation |
| What happens during A in ADPIE | Assess > cluster information |
| What happens during D in ADPIE | Diagnose > analyze the data and diagnose symptoms |
| What happens during P in ADPIE | Planning > gather possible interventions |
| What happens during I in ADPIE | Intervention > action, rotate patient, perform procedure |
| What happens during E in ADPIE | Evaluation > overlook what you have done and determine whether is has been effective or needs more work. |
| Dosing Schedule for Levothyroxine? | Give in the morning on an empty stomach to reduce symptoms |
| DDVAP used for Diabetes Insipidus -> Mechanism of Action | desmopressin is an anti-diuretic hormone. decrease urine output |
| Hormone Replacement Therapy main adverse effects ? | headache, mood swings , Gi depression and cancer. |
| Hormone Replacement Therapy dosing regimen? | use the lowest amount for a short period of time using progesterone can decrease endometrial cancer. |
| Appropriate birth control for adolescent with multiple partners? | Condoms |
| Emergency Contraceptive Guidelines | Plan B is best used within 3 days. |
| What are common side effects of Clomid? | Ovarian hyperstimulation-> more eggs will get released resulting in multiples |
| Drugs used to stop preterm labor? | Tocolitics > Terbutaline |
| Proper application of Testosterone? | - do not use on scrotum -apply cream and apply clothing over, do not allow cream to touch anyone else. |
| Important patient teaching for a patient taking Sildenafil? | - Emergency if erection lasts longer than 4-6 hours, do not take with nitroglycerin |
| Common effects of Diphenhydramine | Benadryl-> drowsy, sedation, palpitations, never give to elderly. |
| Antihistamine Mechanism of Action | Binds to Histamine receptors, reducing allergic symptoms |
| Corticosteroid use in Children possible side effects | -if given for a long period of time> can stunt growth. -cushing syndrome |
| Corticosteroid nursing considerations? | check blood glucose often |
Created by:
ashlyortiz47
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