Question 1

Sustainable development, ideally, improves living conditions

Accepted Answer

For generations in the future

Question 2

Positive feedback is a process

Accepted Answer

that is self-perpetuating and where increases in a state variable lead to further 
     increases.

Question 3

In a food chain, grass absorbs sunlight to make sugar, the grass is eaten by a rabbit, and the rabbit is eaten by a fox.  What is a throughput that connects this system?

Accepted Answer

energy

Question 4

The productivity of an ecosystem refers to the

Accepted Answer

amount of biological material produced during a certain period of time.

Question 5

Networks of interactions among interdependent factors are known as

Accepted Answer

Systems

Question 6

Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 10 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the producer would produce about ___ kilogram(s) of consumer tissue that would 
provide about ___ kilogram(s) of tissue for a secondary consumer.

Accepted Answer

1; 0.1

Question 7

Organic compounds are those substances

Accepted Answer

containing chains and rings of carbon atoms.

Question 8

A fat or oil is to a _______, as an enzyme is to a _______.

Accepted Answer

Lipid; protein

Question 9

If everybody in the world used resources at the rate that people in the United States do,

Accepted Answer

Our current resources would run out quickly

Question 10

Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their

Accepted Answer

Aesthetic and spiritual values and wildlife habitat

Question 11

The second law of thermodynamics states that

Accepted Answer

whenever energy is used, some becomes converted to a form difficult to use to do work.

Question 12

The term "toxic colonialism" has been used in describing

Accepted Answer

The exportation of toxic wastes to poor communities

Question 13

The conservation of matter principle is that matter

Accepted Answer

can neither be created nor destroyed.

Question 14

Ecologists study:

Accepted Answer

Relationships between organisms and their environment

Question 15

All members of a species that live in the same area, at the same time, make up a(n):

Accepted Answer

Population

Question 16

The position that nature deserves to be protected in its own right is called

Accepted Answer

biocentric preservation.

Question 17

A carbon sink is a place where carbon

Accepted Answer

is stored after removal from the atmosphere.

Question 18

One way to decrease the size of our ecological footprint is to

Accepted Answer

Decrease consumption rates

Question 19

Biomass includes all:

Accepted Answer

Biological material

Question 20

Ethics should guide decisions made regarding

Accepted Answer

All of the above issues

Question 21

Experiments in which conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant are known as ___________ experiments.

Accepted Answer

Manipulative

Question 22

Primary consumers are also known as:

Accepted Answer

Herbivores

Question 23

Photosynthesis produces sugars from

Accepted Answer

Water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy

Question 24

The statement, "Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs" is an example of

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning

Question 25

In science, a theory is

Accepted Answer

an explanation supported by a substantial body of evidence.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a step in the global nitrogen cycle?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 27

Which of the following is not a basic principle of science?

Accepted Answer

All of these choices are correct

Question 28

In an ecosystem, throughput can refer to

Accepted Answer

something that can expand the size of state variables.

Question 29

Which of the following is a closed system?

Accepted Answer

A cave with abundant life that was sealed off from the outside world during a landslide 100 years ago.

Question 30

Metabolism is a collective term for thousands of

Accepted Answer

Enzymatic reactions necessary for life

Question 31

The branch of philosophy concerned with the distinction between right and wrong and the ultimate worth of actions of things is

Accepted Answer

Ethics

Question 32

The fundamental basis of environmental science as a discipline is the

Accepted Answer

Human impact on the Earth

Question 33

An ecosystem consists of:

Accepted Answer

A biological community and its physical environment

Question 34

The issue that racial and ethnic minorities face unusually high exposure to environmental hazards is a central argument to

Accepted Answer

Environmental justice

Question 35

The damage to an ecosystem caused by a hurricane or flood can be referred to as

Accepted Answer

An open system

Question 36

From the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive  reasoning?

Accepted Answer

If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs

Question 37

A biological community consists of all:

Accepted Answer

Populations living and interacting in an area

Question 38

Environmentalism stemming from the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring differed from earlier North American conservation perspectives by

Accepted Answer

Environmentalism stemming from the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring differed from earlier North American conservation perspectives by

Question 39

The smallest particle exhibiting the characteristics of an element is a/an

Accepted Answer

atom.

Question 40

In experimentation, dependent variables are also known as _____________ variables.

Accepted Answer

Response

Question 41

A group of individuals of a particular type that are able to successfully interbreed is called a/an

Accepted Answer

species.

Question 42

One major difference affecting the scope of environmental issues of the past and present is the

Accepted Answer

Current ability to alter the natural world through technology

Question 43

Another word for "steward" is

Accepted Answer

Caretaker

Question 44

As energy is used and transformed, it gradually becomes _______ quality and _______  concentrated.

Accepted Answer

Lower; less

Question 45

Environmental science is a __________.

Accepted Answer

Systematic approach in learning about the environment

Question 46

The ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance is known as

Accepted Answer

resilience

Question 47

Supplies of fossil fuels are

Accepted Answer

Being steadily depleted

Question 48

A(n) ___________ is a tabulation of the demands placed on nature by individuals or nations.

Accepted Answer

ecological footprint

Question 49

The world's population is now more than

Accepted Answer

8 billion

Question 50

Photosynthesis and respiration are most significant in the ______ cycle.

Accepted Answer

carbon

Question 51

Mangrove trees are found along ________________ shorelines.

Accepted Answer

Tropical saltwater

Question 52

If an organism is described as 'benthic," where does it reside?

Accepted Answer

At the bottom of the ocean or a lake

Question 53

Which of the following are pioneer species?

Accepted Answer

Lichens

Question 54

The longest period of life that a given type of organism can reach is known as

Accepted Answer

Life span

Question 55

Use the following example: A species can withstand a narrow range of temperature. Above 100°F there are no species present. In the range from 97°F to 100°F and 90°F to 94°F there are a few species present. Below 90°F there are no species present. What wou

Accepted Answer

Zone of physiological stress

Question 56

Attributes of a broad niche could include an organism having

Accepted Answer

a wide range of foods eaten.

Question 57

Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________.

Accepted Answer

On bare rock; biological community replaces another

Question 58

_____________ is where fresh water mixes with ocean water.

Accepted Answer

An estuary

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a region in a lake ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

Pelagic zone

Question 60

Intraspecific competition is competition among ________ for resources.

Accepted Answer

Members of a single species

Question 61

The category of wetland that always contains trees is the

Accepted Answer

swamp.

Question 62

____________________ is the term used to describe two species that look alike and are both dangerous or unpalatable.

Accepted Answer

Mullerian mimicry

Question 63

The natural increase of a population is defined as

Accepted Answer

the crude birth rate less the crude death rate.

Question 64

A dependency ratio is a comparison between the numbers of

Accepted Answer

Working and nonworking people

Question	Answer
Sustainable development, ideally, improves living conditions	For generations in the future
Positive feedback is a process	that is self-perpetuating and where increases in a state variable lead to further increases.
In a food chain, grass absorbs sunlight to make sugar, the grass is eaten by a rabbit, and the rabbit is eaten by a fox. What is a throughput that connects this system?	energy
The productivity of an ecosystem refers to the	amount of biological material produced during a certain period of time.
Networks of interactions among interdependent factors are known as	Systems
Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 10 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the producer would produce about ___ kilogram(s) of consumer tissue that would provide about ___ kilogram(s) of tissue for a secondary consumer.	1; 0.1
Organic compounds are those substances	containing chains and rings of carbon atoms.
A fat or oil is to a _______, as an enzyme is to a _______.	Lipid; protein
If everybody in the world used resources at the rate that people in the United States do,	Our current resources would run out quickly
Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their	Aesthetic and spiritual values and wildlife habitat
The second law of thermodynamics states that	whenever energy is used, some becomes converted to a form difficult to use to do work.
The term "toxic colonialism" has been used in describing	The exportation of toxic wastes to poor communities
The conservation of matter principle is that matter	can neither be created nor destroyed.
Ecologists study:	Relationships between organisms and their environment
All members of a species that live in the same area, at the same time, make up a(n):	Population
The position that nature deserves to be protected in its own right is called	biocentric preservation.
A carbon sink is a place where carbon	is stored after removal from the atmosphere.
One way to decrease the size of our ecological footprint is to	Decrease consumption rates
Biomass includes all:	Biological material
Ethics should guide decisions made regarding	All of the above issues
Experiments in which conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant are known as ___________ experiments.	Manipulative
Primary consumers are also known as:	Herbivores
Photosynthesis produces sugars from	Water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy
The statement, "Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs" is an example of	Inductive reasoning
In science, a theory is	an explanation supported by a substantial body of evidence.
Which of the following is not a step in the global nitrogen cycle?	Photosynthesis
Which of the following is not a basic principle of science?	All of these choices are correct
In an ecosystem, throughput can refer to	something that can expand the size of state variables.
Which of the following is a closed system?	A cave with abundant life that was sealed off from the outside world during a landslide 100 years ago.
Metabolism is a collective term for thousands of	Enzymatic reactions necessary for life
The branch of philosophy concerned with the distinction between right and wrong and the ultimate worth of actions of things is	Ethics
The fundamental basis of environmental science as a discipline is the	Human impact on the Earth
An ecosystem consists of:	A biological community and its physical environment
The issue that racial and ethnic minorities face unusually high exposure to environmental hazards is a central argument to	Environmental justice
The damage to an ecosystem caused by a hurricane or flood can be referred to as	An open system
From the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive reasoning?	If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs
A biological community consists of all:	Populations living and interacting in an area
Environmentalism stemming from the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring differed from earlier North American conservation perspectives by	Environmentalism stemming from the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring differed from earlier North American conservation perspectives by
The smallest particle exhibiting the characteristics of an element is a/an	atom.
In experimentation, dependent variables are also known as _____________ variables.	Response
A group of individuals of a particular type that are able to successfully interbreed is called a/an	species.
One major difference affecting the scope of environmental issues of the past and present is the	Current ability to alter the natural world through technology
Another word for "steward" is	Caretaker
As energy is used and transformed, it gradually becomes _______ quality and _______ concentrated.	Lower; less
Environmental science is a __________.	Systematic approach in learning about the environment
The ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance is known as	resilience
Supplies of fossil fuels are	Being steadily depleted
A(n) ___________ is a tabulation of the demands placed on nature by individuals or nations.	ecological footprint
The world's population is now more than	8 billion
Photosynthesis and respiration are most significant in the ______ cycle.	carbon
Mangrove trees are found along ________________ shorelines.	Tropical saltwater
If an organism is described as 'benthic," where does it reside?	At the bottom of the ocean or a lake
Which of the following are pioneer species?	Lichens
The longest period of life that a given type of organism can reach is known as	Life span
Use the following example: A species can withstand a narrow range of temperature. Above 100°F there are no species present. In the range from 97°F to 100°F and 90°F to 94°F there are a few species present. Below 90°F there are no species present. What wou	Zone of physiological stress
Attributes of a broad niche could include an organism having	a wide range of foods eaten.
Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________.	On bare rock; biological community replaces another
_____________ is where fresh water mixes with ocean water.	An estuary
Which of the following is NOT a region in a lake ecosystem?	Pelagic zone
Intraspecific competition is competition among ________ for resources.	Members of a single species
The category of wetland that always contains trees is the	swamp.
____________________ is the term used to describe two species that look alike and are both dangerous or unpalatable.	Mullerian mimicry
The natural increase of a population is defined as	the crude birth rate less the crude death rate.
A dependency ratio is a comparison between the numbers of	Working and nonworking people
The most common reason that introduced species negatively impact an environment is because they	Disrupt preexisting niches
Density-independent factors tend to be	more associated with abiotic factors.
Boreal forests are generally	Slow-growing because of the cold temperatures
Vertical zonation refers to	vegetation zones defined by elevation.
Territoriality is an important form of _________ for many animal species.	Intraspecific competition
Primary productivity is the direct result of	photosynthesis.
A community that changes very little over time is said to have great	Constancy
Logistic growth rates are those in which a population	Grows rapidly when conditions are good, then slows as it approaches carrying capacity
Crude birth rates are measured in terms of the number of children born	Per 1,000 people each year
Soils in tropical rainforests are	thin and nutrient poor.
In general, countries with the highest fertility rates are those	among the poorest on earth.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG) occurs when	birth rate plus immigration is equal to the death rate plus emigration.
Which of the following is an example of a specialization that plants in the desert may have?	All of these are adaptations of plants living in desert conditions
The thermocline is the layer in a lake at which	The warm upper zone meets the cold lower zone
Cloud forests are found in the ________ areas in tropical regions.	Cool mountainous
Natural selection will ultimately make a species	Better adapted to its environment
The demographic transition refers to a country's change from	High birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
Red winged blackbirds chase away other red wings from the area around their nests. This behavior is called _______ and is an example of ___________ competition.	territoriality, intraspecific
In what continent would you find a polar desert?	Antarctica
Conservation biologists refer to the number of individuals needed for long-term survival as	the minimum viable population size.
Women who ________ are LEAST likely to have many children.	Are able to earn an income for themselves
A biological community's productivity is a measure of	The amount of biomass produced in the community
Biomes exhibit __________ patterns in habitat characteristics.	latitudinal
Genetic diversity is lost in a small population when	Only a few individuals survive a catastrophe
The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would:	Outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery
What marine ecosystem is most similar to a tropical rainforest in terms of diversity?	Coral reef
Certain night-active moths and day-active birds are specialized nectar feeders. How do these species coexist if they are using the same resource for food?	They do not compete for the nectar because they feed at different times of the day
Carrying capacity is the population or biomass	Of a species that an environment can support on a long-term basis
Evolution occurs as a result of	Better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic
Human population growth most closely resembles:	J-shaped growth curve
The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of	The population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed
In the context of population growth regulation, intrinsic factors are those that	operate within or between organisms.
As ecological development proceeds, a biological community	Becomes more diverse
Island biogeography explains the phenomenon of _______ terrestrial species on islands small and far from the mainland when compared to larger islands that are closer to the mainland and have __________ terrestrial species.	Fewer; more
You are studying an organism that is an opportunistic pioneer species and does not care for its offspring. This organism probably has a(n) _________________ population growth strategy.	R-adapted
If there is no migration, the size of a population is limited solely by interaction between	Natality and mortality
The richest farming soils that form under the grasslands of central North America and under moist deciduous forests are the ________.	Mollisols and alfisols
People can suffer malnourishment if they consume large amounts of ______ instead of _______.	Fat and sugar; vitamins and protein
High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields	In response to fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation.
Some particles or cells cause immune responses when your body's white blood cells recognize them as foreign objects. These are known as	Antigens
If fishing demands continue at the current rate, by which year will the world's major fisheries collapse?	2050
Below a caloric intake of _______ kcal per day, on average, a person is considered chronically undernourished.	2,200
Toxins are problematic because by definition they are	poisonous and harmful at low doses.
Highly persistent toxic chemicals	Retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment
Topsoil contains predominantly	Mixed organic material and mineral particles
Persistent pollutants tend to accumulate in polar regions because	they evaporate in warm areas and condense in cold areas.
MRSA is an example of	antibiotic resistant bacteria
Salinization is a common agricultural problem in what type of region?	Arid
Health organizations now use the ______________, a tool to ______________________.	DALY; judge the total impact of the disease rather than only measuring how many people die
Among the most important characteristics of chemicals in determining their environmental risks is/are	All of these
The dose/response curve shows that	Some exposure is necessary before most individuals respond
What percentage of processed food in the U.S. contains a GMO ingredient?	60%
Endocrine disruptors	Disrupt normal hormone functions
Which of the following is NOT a correct match?	B Horizon: Parent Material
Most people do their own personal risk assessments based upon	Personal biases and preferences as well as logic
The efficiency of irrigation water use is ______ in most countries. One of the reasons for this is ______.	Low; evaporative losses from unprotected water channeling
Anemia is a common disease resulting from a shortage of dietary	Iron
A diet inadequate in iron produces a condition called	anemia.
The saying "the dose makes the poison" means that	Nearly anything can be toxic at some level
People who subsist on starchy foods, such as cassava, potatoes, and white rice	Often receive insufficient protein
Obesity affects primarily	wealthy, developed nations.
Food security has to do with	The ability of a population to obtain food on a day-to-day basis.
DDT accumulation disrupted calcium metabolism in the North American eagle, as well as other birds, causing	Thin eggshells
Inorganic pesticides are generally	Highly toxic and remain in the soil for a long time
DDT is a	Chlorinated hydrocarbon (organochloride)
Bioaccumulation is a term that describes the way cells	Selectively absorb and store molecules
In developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from	Irrigation, increased fertilization, and new crop varieties
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are characterized by all of the following except	they degrade quickly in the environment.
Chronic effects of a toxic response	Can last a long time or be permanent
About what portion of world freshwater withdrawals is used for agriculture?	2/3
A drawback of aquaculture in net pens is ______________.	All of these are correct.
What are two common diseases that result from protein deficiencies?	Marasmus and kwashiorkor
An LD50 is a dose of a toxic chemical that	Kills half of the population
When a new pesticide is developed the best thing to do is to use it	Sparingly, so pests will not develop a resistance
Evidence suggests that children and adults typically have	different sensitivities, with children's higher.
Which of the following does NOT describe the status of the world's wild fisheries?	Fish farming has allowed some wild fish to recover worldwide.
Toxic substances are dangerous because they	React or interfere with specific cell functions
Integrated pest management utilizes	an ecologically-based approach to pest management.
Humans use pesticides	because, like other organisms, they are competing with other species for food and survival and to maintain yields and protect crops from insect outbreaks.
Biomagnification is a concentration of toxins	within cells of predators as they consume and store the toxins that were in the bodies of their prey.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of GMO crops?	Pollen containing the engineered gene spreading to other crops that do not contain the engineered gene, making them stronger.
Worldwide, traditional, and native varieties of food crops have __________ since the introduction of green revolution varieties.	Been widely replaced by new varieties
Which of the following is NOT a component of soil texture?	Organics
Pest resurgence is part of the problem of pesticide resistance and happens when a pest organism	That is tolerant to the pesticide survives and produces tolerant offspring
Reduced tillage agricultural systems	consume less energy than conventional systems and lead to less soil degradation.
In developing countries, the farm workers who account for the majority of illness and death from the most toxic agricultural chemicals are usually the workers who	Handpick fruits and vegetables

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Environmental Final

Environment Science Final Exam

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