Environment Science Final Exam
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| Sustainable development, ideally, improves living conditions | For generations in the future
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| Positive feedback is a process | that is self-perpetuating and where increases in a state variable lead to further
increases.
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| In a food chain, grass absorbs sunlight to make sugar, the grass is eaten by a rabbit, and the rabbit is eaten by a fox. What is a throughput that connects this system? | energy
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| The productivity of an ecosystem refers to the | amount of biological material produced during a certain period of time.
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| Networks of interactions among interdependent factors are known as | Systems
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| Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 10 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the producer would produce about ___ kilogram(s) of consumer tissue that would provide about ___ kilogram(s) of tissue for a secondary consumer. | 1; 0.1
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| Organic compounds are those substances | containing chains and rings of carbon atoms.
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| A fat or oil is to a _______, as an enzyme is to a _______. | Lipid; protein
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| If everybody in the world used resources at the rate that people in the United States do, | Our current resources would run out quickly
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| Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their | Aesthetic and spiritual values and wildlife habitat
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| The second law of thermodynamics states that | whenever energy is used, some becomes converted to a form difficult to use to do work.
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| The term "toxic colonialism" has been used in describing | The exportation of toxic wastes to poor communities
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| The conservation of matter principle is that matter | can neither be created nor destroyed.
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| Ecologists study: | Relationships between organisms and their environment
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| All members of a species that live in the same area, at the same time, make up a(n): | Population
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| The position that nature deserves to be protected in its own right is called | biocentric preservation.
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| A carbon sink is a place where carbon | is stored after removal from the atmosphere.
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| One way to decrease the size of our ecological footprint is to | Decrease consumption rates
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| Biomass includes all: | Biological material
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| Ethics should guide decisions made regarding | All of the above issues
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| Experiments in which conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant are known as ___________ experiments. | Manipulative
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| Primary consumers are also known as: | Herbivores
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| Photosynthesis produces sugars from | Water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy
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| The statement, "Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs" is an example of | Inductive reasoning
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| In science, a theory is | an explanation supported by a substantial body of evidence.
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| Which of the following is not a step in the global nitrogen cycle? | Photosynthesis
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| Which of the following is not a basic principle of science? | All of these choices are correct
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| In an ecosystem, throughput can refer to | something that can expand the size of state variables.
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| Which of the following is a closed system? | A cave with abundant life that was sealed off from the outside world during a landslide 100 years ago.
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| Metabolism is a collective term for thousands of | Enzymatic reactions necessary for life
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| The branch of philosophy concerned with the distinction between right and wrong and the ultimate worth of actions of things is | Ethics
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| The fundamental basis of environmental science as a discipline is the | Human impact on the Earth
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| An ecosystem consists of: | A biological community and its physical environment
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| The issue that racial and ethnic minorities face unusually high exposure to environmental hazards is a central argument to | Environmental justice
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| The damage to an ecosystem caused by a hurricane or flood can be referred to as | An open system
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| From the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive reasoning? | If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs
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| A biological community consists of all: | Populations living and interacting in an area
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| Environmentalism stemming from the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring differed from earlier North American conservation perspectives by | Environmentalism stemming from the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring differed from earlier North American conservation perspectives by
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| The smallest particle exhibiting the characteristics of an element is a/an | atom.
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| In experimentation, dependent variables are also known as _____________ variables. | Response
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| A group of individuals of a particular type that are able to successfully interbreed is called a/an | species.
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| One major difference affecting the scope of environmental issues of the past and present is the | Current ability to alter the natural world through technology
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| Another word for "steward" is | Caretaker
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| As energy is used and transformed, it gradually becomes _______ quality and _______ concentrated. | Lower; less
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| Environmental science is a __________. | Systematic approach in learning about the environment
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| The ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance is known as | resilience
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| Supplies of fossil fuels are | Being steadily depleted
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| A(n) ___________ is a tabulation of the demands placed on nature by individuals or nations. | ecological footprint
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| The world's population is now more than | 8 billion
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| Photosynthesis and respiration are most significant in the ______ cycle. | carbon
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| Mangrove trees are found along ________________ shorelines. | Tropical saltwater
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| If an organism is described as 'benthic," where does it reside? | At the bottom of the ocean or a lake
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| Which of the following are pioneer species? | Lichens
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| The longest period of life that a given type of organism can reach is known as | Life span
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| Use the following example: A species can withstand a narrow range of temperature. Above 100°F there are no species present. In the range from 97°F to 100°F and 90°F to 94°F there are a few species present. Below 90°F there are no species present. What wou | Zone of physiological stress
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| Attributes of a broad niche could include an organism having | a wide range of foods eaten.
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| Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________. | On bare rock; biological community replaces another
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| _____________ is where fresh water mixes with ocean water. | An estuary
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| Which of the following is NOT a region in a lake ecosystem? | Pelagic zone
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| Intraspecific competition is competition among ________ for resources. | Members of a single species
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| The category of wetland that always contains trees is the | swamp.
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| ____________________ is the term used to describe two species that look alike and are both dangerous or unpalatable. | Mullerian mimicry
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| The natural increase of a population is defined as | the crude birth rate less the crude death rate.
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| A dependency ratio is a comparison between the numbers of | Working and nonworking people
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| The most common reason that introduced species negatively impact an environment is because they | Disrupt preexisting niches
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| Density-independent factors tend to be | more associated with abiotic factors.
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| Boreal forests are generally | Slow-growing because of the cold temperatures
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| Vertical zonation refers to | vegetation zones defined by elevation.
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| Territoriality is an important form of _________ for many animal species. | Intraspecific competition
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| Primary productivity is the direct result of | photosynthesis.
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| A community that changes very little over time is said to have great | Constancy
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| Logistic growth rates are those in which a population | Grows rapidly when conditions are good, then slows as it approaches carrying capacity
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| Crude birth rates are measured in terms of the number of children born | Per 1,000 people each year
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| Soils in tropical rainforests are | thin and nutrient poor.
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| In general, countries with the highest fertility rates are those | among the poorest on earth.
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| Zero Population Growth (ZPG) occurs when | birth rate plus immigration is equal to the death rate plus emigration.
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| Which of the following is an example of a specialization that plants in the desert may have? | All of these are adaptations of plants living in desert conditions
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| The thermocline is the layer in a lake at which | The warm upper zone meets the cold lower zone
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| Cloud forests are found in the ________ areas in tropical regions. | Cool mountainous
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| Natural selection will ultimately make a species | Better adapted to its environment
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| The demographic transition refers to a country's change from | High birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
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| Red winged blackbirds chase away other red wings from the area around their nests. This behavior is called _______ and is an example of ___________ competition. | territoriality, intraspecific
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| In what continent would you find a polar desert? | Antarctica
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| Conservation biologists refer to the number of individuals needed for long-term survival as | the minimum viable population size.
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| Women who ________ are LEAST likely to have many children. | Are able to earn an income for themselves
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| A biological community's productivity is a measure of | The amount of biomass produced in the community
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| Biomes exhibit __________ patterns in habitat characteristics. | latitudinal
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| Genetic diversity is lost in a small population when | Only a few individuals survive a catastrophe
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| The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would: | Outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery
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| What marine ecosystem is most similar to a tropical rainforest in terms of diversity? | Coral reef
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| Certain night-active moths and day-active birds are specialized nectar feeders. How do these species coexist if they are using the same resource for food? | They do not compete for the nectar because they feed at different times of the day
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| Carrying capacity is the population or biomass | Of a species that an environment can support on a long-term basis
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| Evolution occurs as a result of | Better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic
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| Human population growth most closely resembles: | J-shaped growth curve
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| The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of | The population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed
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| In the context of population growth regulation, intrinsic factors are those that | operate within or between organisms.
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| As ecological development proceeds, a biological community | Becomes more diverse
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| Island biogeography explains the phenomenon of _______ terrestrial species on islands small and far from the mainland when compared to larger islands that are closer to the mainland and have __________ terrestrial species. | Fewer; more
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| You are studying an organism that is an opportunistic pioneer species and does not care for its offspring. This organism probably has a(n) _________________ population growth strategy. | R-adapted
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| If there is no migration, the size of a population is limited solely by interaction between | Natality and mortality
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| The richest farming soils that form under the grasslands of central North America and under moist deciduous forests are the ________. | Mollisols and alfisols
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| People can suffer malnourishment if they consume large amounts of ______ instead of _______. | Fat and sugar; vitamins and protein
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| High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields | In response to fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation.
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| Some particles or cells cause immune responses when your body's white blood cells recognize them as foreign objects. These are known as | Antigens
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| If fishing demands continue at the current rate, by which year will the world's major fisheries collapse? | 2050
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| Below a caloric intake of _______ kcal per day, on average, a person is considered chronically undernourished. | 2,200
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| Toxins are problematic because by definition they are | poisonous and harmful at low doses.
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| Highly persistent toxic chemicals | Retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment
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| Topsoil contains predominantly | Mixed organic material and mineral particles
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| Persistent pollutants tend to accumulate in polar regions because | they evaporate in warm areas and condense in cold areas.
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| MRSA is an example of | antibiotic resistant bacteria
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| Salinization is a common agricultural problem in what type of region? | Arid
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| Health organizations now use the ______________, a tool to ______________________. | DALY; judge the total impact of the disease rather than only measuring how many people die
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| Among the most important characteristics of chemicals in determining their environmental risks is/are | All of these
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| The dose/response curve shows that | Some exposure is necessary before most individuals respond
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| What percentage of processed food in the U.S. contains a GMO ingredient? | 60%
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| Endocrine disruptors | Disrupt normal hormone functions
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| Which of the following is NOT a correct match? | B Horizon: Parent Material
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| Most people do their own personal risk assessments based upon | Personal biases and preferences as well as logic
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| The efficiency of irrigation water use is ______ in most countries. One of the reasons for this is ______. | Low; evaporative losses from unprotected water channeling
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| Anemia is a common disease resulting from a shortage of dietary | Iron
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| A diet inadequate in iron produces a condition called | anemia.
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| The saying "the dose makes the poison" means that | Nearly anything can be toxic at some level
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| People who subsist on starchy foods, such as cassava, potatoes, and white rice | Often receive insufficient protein
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| Obesity affects primarily | wealthy, developed nations.
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| Food security has to do with | The ability of a population to obtain food on a day-to-day basis.
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| DDT accumulation disrupted calcium metabolism in the North American eagle, as well as other birds, causing | Thin eggshells
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| Inorganic pesticides are generally | Highly toxic and remain in the soil for a long time
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| DDT is a | Chlorinated hydrocarbon (organochloride)
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| Bioaccumulation is a term that describes the way cells | Selectively absorb and store molecules
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| In developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from | Irrigation, increased fertilization, and new crop varieties
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| Chlorinated hydrocarbons are characterized by all of the following except | they degrade quickly in the environment.
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| Chronic effects of a toxic response | Can last a long time or be permanent
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| About what portion of world freshwater withdrawals is used for agriculture? | 2/3
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| A drawback of aquaculture in net pens is ______________. | All of these are correct.
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| What are two common diseases that result from protein deficiencies? | Marasmus and kwashiorkor
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| An LD50 is a dose of a toxic chemical that | Kills half of the population
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| When a new pesticide is developed the best thing to do is to use it | Sparingly, so pests will not develop a resistance
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| Evidence suggests that children and adults typically have | different sensitivities, with children's higher.
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| Which of the following does NOT describe the status of the world's wild fisheries? | Fish farming has allowed some wild fish to recover worldwide.
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| Toxic substances are dangerous because they | React or interfere with specific cell functions
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| Integrated pest management utilizes | an ecologically-based approach to pest management.
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| Humans use pesticides | because, like other organisms, they are competing with other species for food and survival and to maintain yields and protect crops from insect outbreaks.
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| Biomagnification is a concentration of toxins | within cells of predators as they consume and store the toxins that were in the bodies of their prey.
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| Which of the following is NOT a benefit of GMO crops? | Pollen containing the engineered gene spreading to other crops that do not contain the engineered gene, making them stronger.
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| Worldwide, traditional, and native varieties of food crops have __________ since the introduction of green revolution varieties. | Been widely replaced by new varieties
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| Which of the following is NOT a component of soil texture? | Organics
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| Pest resurgence is part of the problem of pesticide resistance and happens when a pest organism | That is tolerant to the pesticide survives and produces tolerant offspring
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| Reduced tillage agricultural systems | consume less energy than conventional systems and lead to less soil degradation.
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| In developing countries, the farm workers who account for the majority of illness and death from the most toxic agricultural chemicals are usually the workers who | Handpick fruits and vegetables
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