Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
RTE 2712 Nervous Sys
RTE 2712 Wk One Nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three functions of the nervous system | 1)Monitors the internal and external environments 2) integrates sensory info 3) cordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems |
| The central nervous system (CNS) consists of | Brain and spinal cord |
| Nerves carry impulses from the PNS to the CNS | Afferent |
| Nerves carry impulses from the CNS to the PNS | Efferent |
| The basic units of the nervous system | Neurons |
| Regulate the environment around neurons, provide a supporting framework for neural tissues, and act as phagocytes | Neuroglia |
| General structure of Neurons | Cell body, dendrites, axon, synaptic terminals |
| Branching, sensitive ______, which receive incoming signals | dendrites |
| Give a gray color to areas containing neuron cell bodies and account for the color of gray matter seen in brain and spinal cord dessections | Nissl bodies |
| Found at the tips of each branch | Synaptic terminals |
| A synaptic terminals are part of a ____ site where neuron communicates with another cell. | Synapse |
| Has two or more dendrites and a single axon and are the most common neurons in the CNS | Multipolar neuron |
| Have two processes-one dendrite and one axon-with the cell body between them. Rare but occur in special organs | Bipolar neurons |
| Thin, expanded tips wrap around axons creating a membranous sheath of insulation | Myelin |
| These areas constitute the white matter of the CNS | Oligodendrocytes |
| Small phagocytic cells that are quite obvious in damaged tissue in the CNS are the | Microglia |
| The outer surface of the Schwann cell is called | neurilemma |
| The membrane potential of an undisturbed cell is known as its | resting potential |
| The resting potential of a neuron is | -70 mV |
| Every stimulus that brings the membrane to threshold will generate an identical action potential | all or none principle |
| A propagated change in the membrane potential of the entire plasma membrane | Action potential |
| The three meningeal layers are the | dura mater, the arachnoid and the pia mater |
| Two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system | Central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| The peripheral system consists of two divisions | Afferent (sensory input) and efferent (motor output) |
| Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by | Somatic nervous system |
| The types of neuroglia (glial cells) in the central nervous system | unipolar, bipolar and multipolar |
| The white matter of the CNS represents a region dominated by the presence of | oligodendrocytes |
| The control of functions in the nervous system-communication and information processing are performed by the | neurons |
| Neurons are classified on the basis of their structure as | unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar |
| Small phagocytic cells that are quite obvious in damaged tissue in the CNS | Microglia |
| The motor neurons of the efferent division of the PNS carry | instructions from the CNS to muscles, glands and adipose tissue |
| A synaptic terminal is a part of the synapse, a site where | intercellular communications between neurons occurs |
| Interneurons or association neurons | are found only within the brain and the spinal cord |
| Two types of neuroglia found in the PNS | Schwann cells and satellite cells |
| For information transfer, processing and storage | Neurons |
| Two classes of Neural cells | Neurons and Neuroglia |
| Three structural classes of neurons | Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, and Interneurons (association neurons) |
| Located between sensory and motor neurons, and analyze inputs, coordinate outputs | Interneurons |
| Gather info and send to axon | Dendrites |
| Aggregation of ribosomes in neurons | Nissl bodies |
| Branches along the length of the axon | Collaterals |
| Dendrite, axon continuous, and afferent neurons | Unipolar |
| Many dendrites, one axon away from the soma, most common class of neuron | Multipolar |
| One dendrite, one axon, very rare | Bipolar |
| Types of Neuroglia (glia) | Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymall cells |
| Largest, most numerous, part of blood brain barrier | Astrocytes |
| Are responsible for the myelination of CNS axons (surround axons) | Oligodendrocytes |
| Phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells, and obvious in damaged cells | Microglia |
| Lining of brain, spinal cord cavities, ventricals and source of cerebrospinal fluid | Ependymal cells |
| Portions of the brain surface are covered by a thick layer of gray matter called | Neural cortex |
| Bundles of axons or tracts that share origins, destinations and functions | White matter |
| Tracts in the spinal cord form larger groups called | columns |
| Nerve cell bodies in the PNS are clustered into | ganglia |
| Bundles of axons supported by connective tissue | Nerve |
| Nerves to and from the spinal cord (31) | Spinal nerves |
| Nerves to and from the brain (12) | Cranial nerves (12) |
| Carry info from sensory receptors to processing centers in the brain | Ascending pathways |
| Carry commands form specialized CNS centers to skeletal muscles | Descending pathways |
| Excess negative charge inside the neuron, created and maintained by Na - K ion pump, negative voltage (potenial) inside | Resting potential |
| If Na+ channels open, positive charges enter cell, membrane potential moves positive | Depolarization |
| If K+ channels open, positive charges leave cell, membrane potential moves negative | Hyperpolarization |
| The information transfer occurs throught the release of these chemicals from the synaptic terminal | neurotransmitters |
| Cholinergic synapses release neurotransmitter | acetycholine |
| In a cholinergic synapses what enzyme in the synaptic cleft breaks down acetylcholine | acetylcholinesterase |
| Common neurotransmitter that is important in the brain and in portions of the ANS | norepinephrine |
| Release the neurotransmitter dopamine | Dopaminergic synapses |
| Groups of interconnected neurons with specific functions | Neuronal pool |
| Information spreads from one neuron to several neurons, or form one neuronal pool to multiple pools | Divergence |
| Several neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron. | Convergence |
| Layer that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord (CNS) | Meninges |
| Meninge that has a tough, fibrous outer layer and forms the outermost covering of the CNS | Dura mater (tough mother) |
| Between the dura mater of the spinal cord and the walls of the vertebral canal lies | Epidural space |
| Secong meninge layer has a layer of squamous cells and contains a small quantity of lymphatic fluid | Arachnoid (spidery) |
| Innermost meninge layer, the blood vessels servicing the brain and spinal cord run along the surface of this layer | Pia mater (delicate mother) |
| Relays info to and from the brain, processes some info on its own, and is divided into 31 segments | Spinal cord |
| Two enlargements in the spinal cord used to supply the upper and lower limbs | Cervical and Lumbar enlargements |
| Each segment of the spinal cord has a pair of | Dorsal root ganglia, dorsal roots, and ventral roots |
| Inflammation of the meningeal membranes following bacterial or viral infection | Meningitis |
| Dominated by the cells bodies of neurons and glial cells. | Gray matter |
| Projections of gray matter, extend outward into the white matter. | Horns |
| White matter organized into three regions or | Columns |
| The six major regions of the brain | 1) Cerebrum 2) Diencephalon 3) Midbrain 4) Pons 5) Medulla oblongata 6) Cerebellum |
| The four hollow chambers in the center of the brain are filled with | cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Where is CSF produced | Choroid plexus |
| Functions of the cerebrum | Conscious though, intellectual activity, memory, and origin of complex patterns of movement |
| Directs voluntary movement | Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) |
| Receives somatic sensation (touch, pain, pressure, temp.) | Primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) |
| Categorical hemisphere is usually the left and contains the general interpretative along with _____ | The speech centers (broca area) |
| A printed record of brain waves | Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
| Disorder affecting the ability to speak or read | Aphasia (a-, without + phasia, speech) |
| Disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words. | Dyslexia |
| Establish emotions and related drives, link cerebral cortex intellectual functions to brain stem autonomic functions, and controls reflexes associated with eating | Limbic system |
| Process visual, auditory information, and generate involuntary movements | Midbrain |
| Links to cerebellum, and involved in control of movement | Pons |
| Relays sensory info, and regulate autonomic function. (Without we die!) | Medulla oblongata |
| Oversees postural muscles, stores patterns of movement, fine tunes most movements, and links to brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord | Cerebellum |
| Links brain and spinal cord, relays ascending info to cerebral cortex, and controls crucial organ systems by reflex | Medulla oblongata |
| Links the CNS with the body, carries all sensory info and motor commands, axons bundled in nerves, and cell bodies grouped into ganglia | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| 12 pairs and connect to the brain not the cord | Cranial nerves |
| The only cranial nerves attached to the cerebrum and are responsible for the sense of smell | Olfactory (CN I) |
| Carry visual info from the eyes | Optic (CN II |
| Largest of the cranial nerves, these nerves provide sensory info from the head and face and motor control over chewing and eye movement. | Trigeminal (CN V) |
| Provide sensory info from the ear canals, the diaphragm and taste receptors in the pharynx | Vagus (CN X) |
| 31 Pairs are grouped according to the region of the vertebral column from which they originate | Spinal nerves |
| Each pair of nerves monitors a specific region of the body known as a | dermatome |
| What are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves | 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral |
| Four large plexuses | Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus |
| An automatic involuntary motor response to specific stimulus | Reflex |
| The five steps in a reflex arc | 1)Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor 2) Activation of sensory neuron 3) CNS processing of info 4) Activation of motor neuron 5) Response by effector |
| Has longer delay than monosynaptic reflex, con produce more complex response, example (flexor reflex is withdrawal reflex) | Polysynaptic reflex |
| Wiring of a single reflex | Receptor, Sensory neuron, Interneuron, motor neuron, effector |
| Waves characteristic of normal resting adults | Alpha waves |
| Waves typically accompany intense concentration | Beta waves |
| Withdrawal reflex affecting the muscles of a limb | Flexor reflex |
| Sensory cortex contains a miniature map of the body surface is called | sensory homunculus (little man) |
| Divisions of the autonomic nervous system | Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| Fight or flight | Sympathetic |
| Rest and digest | Parasympathetic |
| Supporting cells | neuroglia |
| Cover CNS axons with myelin | oligodendrocytes |
| Carry sensory info to the brain | ascending tracts |
| occurs along unmyelinated axons | continuous propagation |
| outermost covering of brain and spinal cord | Dura mater |
| production of CSF | choroid plexus |
| Controls smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and fat cells | Autonomic nervous system |
| occurs along myelinated axons | saltatory propagation |
| link between nervous and endocrine system | hypothalamus |
| carry motor commands to spinal cord | descending tracts |
| efferent division of the PNS | motor neurons |
| controls contractions of skeletal muscles | somatic nervous system |
| masses of neuron cell bodies | ganglia |
| connects the brain to the spinal cord | medulla oblongata |
| stretch reflex | monosynaptic reflex |
| afferent division of the PNS | sensory neurons |
| maintains muscle tone and posture | cerebellum |
| rest and response | parasympathetic division |
| opposing reflex | dual innervation |
Created by:
Joker71
Popular Radiology sets