Help
Options
Question
In the following argument: "You know I know animals have souls? Because on average, the lowest animal is a lot nicer and kinder than most of the human beings that inhabit this Earth." The conclusion to this argument is "animals have souls."
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
Following the rules of logical reasoning leads to a payoff including:
Remaining cards (201)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
HUM 115
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the following argument: "You know I know animals have souls? Because on average, the lowest animal is a lot nicer and kinder than most of the human beings that inhabit this Earth." The conclusion to this argument is "animals have souls." | True |
| Following the rules of logical reasoning leads to a payoff including: | All above |
| If you expect people to accept your own ____________, then it’s your responsibility to give them reasons they can appreciate | Conclusion |
| When we use the word "critical" in reference to critical thinking, we mean "negative and fault-finding." | False |
| A conclusion (a claim) backed up by one or more reasons in any order is called a(n) _____________. | Argument |
| When we say an argument is valid, we mean that all the claims in the argument are true. | False |
| is the general term given to a wide range of cognitive skills and intellectual dispositions needed to effectively identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments and truth claims. | Critical thinking |
| Which of the following passages contain an argument in our technical sense of that word? | I'm sure Martin Luther King Jr. didn't die during the 1960s, because it says right here in the encyclopedia that he was assassinated in Memphis in 1998. |
| Since, Because, and For are examples of ______________ indicators. | Premise |
| All arguments are unpleasant. | False |
| Considering the benefits and drawbacks is also known as | weighing the pros and cons |
| Inductive arguments are meant to confer a high degree of __________ on the conclusion | Probabliity |
| ______ aim at convincing you that something is so or that something should be done. | Arguments |
| Which of the following passages contain an argument in our technical sense of that word? | Plant your flower bulbs at a depth of 6 inches so they will be protected from freezing temperatures. |
| ______ state the facts, report on states of mind, express values, and so forth. | Descriptions |
| Arguments can only have one conclusion. | False |
| On 25 March 1807, King George III signed into law the Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, banning trading in enslaved people in the British Empire. That means that anyone still trading slave is doing so under the legal “radar.” | The indicator is “That means that” and the conclusion is anyone still enslaving others in Britain is doing so under the legal “radar.” |
| Following sentences are not statements. You may choose more than one correct answer. | Correct Keep off the grass. Correct Please print your name legibly. Correct What do you say we stop at the next rest stop? Correct Let's go to New York for your birthday. Correct What time is it? Correct Great! |
| One of the following things or sentences is not a statement. | What time is it? |
| An explanation is a statement or sequence of statements designed to show the cause, the motivation, or the sequence of events leading up to the event that is being explained. | True |
| ____________ arise when there is uncertainty about whether to accept or reject a claim, or about what to do or not do. | issues |
| A ______________ is a claim meant to be supported by reasons offered in the argument. | Conclusion |
| An ______________has at least one conclusion supported by one or more reasons, all of which are statements. | argument |
| An implicit conclusion of an argument is a statement that does not appear explicitly but that is intended by the arguer to be a conclusion of an argument. | True |
| The procedure of weighing the pros and cons is a decision procedure that requires the following statement (s). You may choose more than one correct answer. | Considering the probabilities that those various consequences will actually occur Evaluating those consequences Considering the possible courses of action Guessing the consequences of those various courses of action |
| Critical Thinking skills include all of the following EXCEPT: | sounding more sophisticated than others |
| Which of the following is NOT a strategy for putting arguments in standard form? | Discard claims that you disagree with |
| Logical reasoning or critical thinking is a high quality reasoning. It can be learned and improved. | True |
| Logical reasoners need to be flexible thinkers. | True |
| Ramone's friend says, "Ramone, look at those two white guys on the other side of the street. They look friendly. The other one is just as fierce, and he's carrying the radio I lost yesterday; it's got my sticker on the side.“ What principle? | Don't take people too literally |
| Your opponent's explanation is less believable if you can show that there are alternative explanations that haven't been ruled out. | True |
| Which of the following is NOT required in weighing the pros and cons? | finding the course of action that is 100% correct |
| An argument has at least ________ premise(s) and one conclusion | One |
| An argument, as that term is used in critical thinking, is a quarrel or dispute between two or more persons. | False |
| A statement is a sentence or things that are said that can be viewed as true or false. | True |
| Words or phrases that help 'flag' premises and conclusions are called inference indicators. | True |
| _________ premises are the unstated claims or unstated assumptions of the argument. | Implicit |
| ______ attempt to show cause or motivation. | Explanations |
| ___________ arguments are meant to be valid and ____________ the truth of the conclusion. | deductive; guarantee |
| One of the following things or sentences is not a statement. | Good morning mother. |
| "This year on my birthday I will be 15 years old and 49 years old." is an example of a statement that is ____________. | logically inconsistent. |
| You should provide a sufficient support to your claim or belief if you expect people to accept your argument. | True |
| An argument and an explanation are different because speakers present them with different __________. | intentions |
| The following statements are the principles of logical reasoning. Select all that apply; you may choose more than on correct answer. | Use your background knowledge statements require good evidence If you expect people to accept your own conclusion, then it’s your responsibility to give them reasons the pros and cons. The less time available act onr ‘gut instinct.’ |
| A _________ is a claim put forth as a reason for a conclusion. | premise |
| Here is an argument: “Tantalum can be melted, too, because all metals can be melted if you raise their temperature.” Choose the implicit premise from the following list: | Tantalum is a metal |
| An argument is a conclusion plus ONLY one premise. | False |
| Statements in an argument offered as evidence or reasons in support of another statement are called | Premise |
| Here are three arguments about the issue of how David's uncle died. All three are arguing for the same conclusion—that David's uncle died of a drug overdose. Which of these arguments should be considered the most convincing, | David said that his uncle died of a drug overdose, so his uncle must have died of a drug overdose. |
| Logical reasoning cannot be learned or improved. Individuals are either naturally good at it or they are not. | False |
| A comparison of things based on similarities those things share is: | An analogy |
| The component of a conditional sentence that follows the "then...." is known as the _____________. | consequent |
| If the club members are not adults, and only adults have rights, then __________________ that the club members have no rights at all. | It follows with certainty |
| Inductive arguments can be either | Strong or weak |
| A causal argument asserts or denies that something is the cause of something else. | True |
| A(n) __________ is an argument that relies on characteristics of a sample population to make a claim about the population as a whole. | inductive generalization |
| Which of the following is an indicator word or phrase for an inductive argument: | Likely |
| If an advertisement promotes a sale of clothes that are 100 percent genuine cotton, then it _____________ that this is an offer to sell clothes that are essentially all cotton. | follows with certainty |
| A representative sample is a sample that is perfectly analogous to the whole population in regard to the characteristics that are being investigated | True |
| Random sampling is a technique used to avoid bias. | True |
| An argument is inductively strong if its conclusion follows with high probability from the premises. | True |
| There are two kinds of arguments: deductive arguments and inductive arguments. | True |
| __________ is a statement made about all or most members of a group. | Generalization |
| All sound arguments are deductive arguments. | True |
| When a deductive argument has valid arguments and true premises, it is said to be _____________. | Sounds |
| This inductive argument relies on a comparison between characteristics of two subjects. | analogy |
| When two subjects are virtually identical in every respect except for the space they occupy, we say this is a __________ case of a high degree of analogy. | Limiting |
| It has rained in Vancouver every February since weather records have been kept. Therefore, it will probably rain in Vancouver next February." This is ____________________ | A predictive argument |
| The ______ of a generalization should be representative of the ___________. | Sample;population |
| According to the principle of charity, in interpreting an unclear argument or passage, we should always give the speaker or writer the benefit of the doubt | True |
| According to the principle of charity, in interpreting an unclear argument or passage, we should always give the speaker or writer the benefit of the doubt | True |
| Inductive generalizations are based on evidence gathered about | a sample population. |
| An argument cannot be valid with _________ premises and a _____________ conclusion? | True,false |
| "All fruits are vegetables Spinach is a fruit. Therefore, spinach is vegetable." This is an example of valid argument that has false premises and a true conclusion. | True |
| Confidence in an analogy is increased when similarities between two subjects are ____________ to the conclusion. | Important |
| Suppose that a high school science teacher says to you: “The scientists I’ve read agree that Neptune is a cold planet compared to Mars, Earth, and Venus. So, Neptune is definitely a cold planet.” One of the following statement is FALSE. | The conclusion in this argument follows with certainty. |
| Inductive reasoning is the most secure type of logic. | False |
| A random sampling method is taking a sample from a target population in such a way that any member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen. | True |
| When the premises infer probability on the conclusion, the argument is ________________. | inductively strong |
| The argument "Every previous U.S. president has been a man, so, it's likely that the next U.S. president will be a man." is | Inductive |
| When the premises infer certainty on the conclusion, the argument is ________________. | deductively valid |
| An argument is valid if it has no counterexample, that is, a possible situation that makes the premises true and the conclusion false. | True |
| "Probably," "likely," and "it's a good bet that" are common inductive indicator words. | True |
| An argument in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises is said to be | Valid |
| Dealing with inductive reasoning, following expressions describe obstacles to collecting reliable data. You may choose more than one correct answer. | Self-selection People lying to pollsters People's self-deception Even though pollsters want diversity in the sample, the data from some groups in the population may be easier to obtain than from others. |
| A faulty analogy is made when two things share some similarities, but not in important ways. | True |
| In a conditional, the component immediately following the "if" is called the ______________. | antecedent |
| One form of inductive argument uses past patterns to predict the future. | True |
| "All men are women; Bill Gates is a man; so, Bill Gates is a woman" is | Valid but unsound |
| This inductive argument relies on accepting the views of an expert as support for the conclusion. | Authority |
| "Legally drunk means the individual has a blood alcohol level of .08" is an example of a(n) ___________ definition | precising |
| A university in Californian has defined "'Fraternity' as a university-sanctioned drinking club for immature male undergraduates." This is a | stipulative definition |
| "Entomologist means someone who engages in the science of entomology." This statement is an example of _________ definition. | Circular |
| Your willingness to accept a strange claim or a claim you cannot verify will depend on your background knowledge of the claim. | True |
| A word is 'ambiguous' when a word has only one meaning. | False |
| Popular tabloids are not credible sources of information for the following reasons: | All above |
| "Astrology is for gullible people willing to believe that the position of the stars influences their mundane, meaningless lives" is an example of a(n) ____________definition. | persuasive |
| Credibility is a matter of degree. | True |
| Strange events or statements are improbable because they conflict with what else you believe. | True |
| A good definition should be ______________________. | Precise |
| A full moon looks like that (as the speaker points to the nightime sky)" is an example of a(n) ____________definition | ostensive |
| Pseudoprecision means that a claim assigns a higher degree of precision than circumstances warrant. | True |
| Following are some rules to follow when creating definitions. You may choose more than one correct answer (select all that apply). | Convey the essential meaning of the word being defined. Provide a context for ambiguous words. Avoid circular definitions Avoid figurative definitions. |
| The core of background knowledge that you use in making judgments of improbability is called _________ | Common sense |
| The definition "'Dog' means a furry, four-legged animal" is primarily | too broad |
| A lexical definition is used to report the way a word is actually used in a language. | True |
| A social media post promising financial prosperity to everyone who shares their post seems unusual to you because | it conflicts with what you already know about financial success |
| All vague expressions are ambiguous | False |
| The spread of fake news from fraudulent sources has been a problem only in the United States and Canada. | False |
| Suppose someone tells you that "Joe went to the bank". Where do you think Joe went to? | Joe went to any of the above bank (All of the above apply) |
| When it comes to improbable claims, the first principle is that the burden of proof in producing the good evidence is on the shoulders of whoever makes the claim or adopts the belief. | True |
| The owner of a new company wants you invest your money in it promising large returns. Asking his business partner would be a good source of a second opinion. | False |
| Q - "What is the price of that new Lexus?" A- "More than $1000" | overgeneral |
| Our most reliable source of information is: | Our own observations |
| Fuzziness is a type of vagueness. | True |
| ____________ are reports of individual's own experiences | Anecdotes |
| _____________ can be used to disambiguate a statement | Context |
| When we don't have access to information about whether a claim is credible, we can | Look at the source of the claim |
| _________ involves different possible meanings, each of which may be quite precise | . Ambiguity |
| Q - "How old is the teacher?" A- "He is middle-aged" | vague |
| It is reasonable to pay more attention to the statistics than to anecdotes from your friends. | True |
| Fake news includes all of the following except | headlines that you disagree with |
| A tabloid story about an individual who says Michael Jackson is alive and has seen him grocery shopping is an example of ______________________ | an unsupported anecdote |
| Fake news thrives because | most of us will not take the trouble to fact-check |
| Credibility is a matter of _______ depending on the integrity of the person and how knowledgeable they are. | degree |
| Officer: "Can you describe the bank robber?" Al: "Sure, he was between three-feet-tall and nine-feet-tall." In this dialogue, Al's statement is overgeneral but not vague. | True |
| When you hear an improbable claim, you should suspend your belief and accept it until you have time to research it. | False |
| Logical reasoners __________________________________________. | discriminate among sources of information. |
| Tabloid publications and news sites merely report people's experiences or anecdotes without attempting to verify their claims. | True |
| During an election season, to get solid information about whom to vote for, following are best sources of information. You may choose more than one correct answer. | Newspaper stories and magazine articles that profile the candidates and discuss the issues long before election day. Government voter pamphlets Extended TV news programs Tabloids about different candidates Public debates |
| Scientists and technologists often create definitions when they come up with new discoveries or invent new products. These types of definitions are ______________. | Stipulative definitions |
| Seeking independent verification of a claim that is improbable or hard to accept is known as | seeking a second opinion |
| Precising definitions are definitions that make the correct meaning more precise. | True |
| Understanding and preserving the intended meaning of a claim when interpreting them is known as the principle of ______________ | fidelity |
| There are different purposes for different definitions. | True |
| The statement "Janey told her mother she needed to lose ten pounds" is primarily | ambiguous |
| Which of the following is not one of the best sources of information in learning about a political candidate? | short TV news segments |
| According to the principle of _________, we should interpret a claim generously and assume they intended the claim to be reasonable. | Charity |
| A word can be ambiguous when it has more than one meaning and it is not obvious which one is intended by the context | True |
| Writing should have a specific structure, an overall plan of development, a method of organization. | True |
| Most commercials are aimed at your _________________________ | emotions |
| One suggestion for promoting effective writing is to be yourself rather than seeking to be precise. | False |
| Although some advertisements contain lies and exaggerations, the more sophisticated ones walk the narrow line between truth and falsehood. | True |
| A counterargument to argument S is always an argument for why the conclusion of S is not true. | True |
| When we argue for the opposite point that someone else has argued for, this is called: | Counterargument |
| Here is the list of rules that all good writers invariably. Select all that apply. You may choose more than once answer. | Be more or less specific. Use not bad grammars Proofread carefully. You may use double negative when writing a counterargument Take care that your verb and your subject is in agreement. All above |
| With respect to "proving your conclusion", when the reasons do establish the conclusion, the argument is called a _____________ | Proof |
| In communication, t he mental images and evaluations that people associate with a word or phrase are called ______________________ | connotations |
| A proof surrogate is intended to take the place of an actual proof. | True |
| In order to write with precision, writing should have a specific structure, an overall plan of development, a method of organization. One usually effective rule of thumb is to mentally divide your own piece of writing into the following three parts: | An introduction, a middle, and an ending |
| Using select information to sway someone's opinion is called | the technique of selective representation or telling a half-truth. |
| When proving your conclusion, the following statements are true, EXCEPT: | Mathematical proofs are a matter of degree |
| "Everyone knows that nine out of ten freshmen at this college can't pass a simply grammar test" is an example of which rhetorical device? | proof surrogate |
| Most commercials are aimed at your emotions, not your intellect. | True |
| The hedge is another common but devious tactic based on selectively presenting information so that what the speaker appears to be saying can later be denied. | True |
| The _____________ is your opening, and it usually includes a statement of your thesis. | Introduction |
| When writing to convince others, digression is an effective strategy. It will be help you focus on the main issue of your argument. | False |
| Every piece of writing needs some sort of method of organization, even though different kinds of writing can use different methods. | True |
| When writing to convince others, there is no formula for tailoring your writing product to your audience. Good tailoring is affected by the subject matter, by the characteristics of the audience, and by the purpose of the writing | True |
| An argumentative essay is a work of nonfiction prose stating and defending a position on some issue. It is a certain kind of persuasive writing. | True |
| People reason best when they let their emotions take the lead. | False |
| Terms used to slant a passage and influence the reader to accept the writer’s attitudes are called _____________ | slanters |
| "Billy Bob Jimbo" is the man for the job because he's hometown born and raised." is an example of saying little with lots of words. | True |
| When we argue, we must be alert to our own errors. We need to become competent critics-in-advance of our own argument, spot any errors, and patch up the argument before expressing it. | True |
| In communication, a loaded language is a major way of persuading you without giving you good reasons. | True |
| Withe respect to "writing to convince others", the ______________ of the text is where you provide the details and do what you said you would be doing. | Body |
| A lie is a false statement made with the intent to deceive. | True |
| A dysphemism is the opposite of a euphemism. It is a term used in order to produce a negative effect | True |
| The ____________________ is a devious technique in marketing. It is based on selectively presenting information so that what the speaker appears to be saying can later be denied. | Hedge |
| Which rhetorical device is being used in the following sentence? "I'm not worried about failing the midterm exam; it's just one grade, and besides this is merely a Humanities class." | Downplayer |
| When writing to convince others, the body of the text is where you provide the details and do what you said in the introduction that you would be doing. | True |
| A refutation of another person's position is an argument that successfully shows the other person's position to be false | True |
| A group of statements is inconsistent if it’s not possible for them all be_____________. | True |
| This fallacy is committed when the arguer misrepresents the opponent's position and begins to beat up on the misrepresentation. | Straw man |
| A ___________ is an exception to a claim in an argument. | counterexample |
| Fallacies are ______ in reasoning. | Errors |
| Refuting a statement requires more than merely contradicting it. | True |
| A group of statements is inconsistent if it’s not possible for them all be true. | True |
| Generalizations based on the terms "All" or "None" are easier to refute than those based on "Some" or "Most". | True |
| This fallacy is also known as "Begging the Question". | Circular Reasoning |
| If an arguer cites a statement by a witness in support of a conclusion and there is good reason to doubt the accuracy of the winess's obervations, the arguer commits the fallacy of inappropriate appeal to authority. | True |
| In determining if this argument is fallacious or not, one must assess the credibility of the support or the source provided for the conclusion. | Appeal to Authority |
| A scientific hypothesis can never be refuted. | False |
| A fallacious appeal to authority can also occur when a claim is backed up by an appeal to an authority in the appropriate area yet the authorities themselves are in significant disagreement with each other. | True |
| This fallacy occurs when arguers, without sufficient evidence, claim that a seemingly harmless action, if taken, will lead to a disastrous outcome. | Slippery slope |
| One of the following statements is statistical generalization. | 45% of A are B 45% of A are B |
| A factual inconsistency is a logical inconsistency with the facts. | True |
| Generalizations that are based on the 'All' or 'None' are known as universal generalizations. | True |
| There is no middle ground between consistent and inconsistent statements. | True |
| Any fallacious argument is one whose conclusion doesn't follow from its supporting reasons. The name of this fallacy comes from a Latin term meaning "does not follow." | Non-Sequitur |
| This fallacy is committed by attempting to discredit a claim because of its origin when such a criticism is irrelevant to the claim. | Genetic |
| The presuppositions of a statement are _________ ____________. | background assumptions |
| A ____________ is a successful disproof of a claim in an argument. | refutation |
| “It is about the second time Candace lost her virginity. While she was on a bridge crossing the stream, walking up the lane toward her was a tall man with a dog....” This is an example of ________________ inconsistency. | Factual |
| An oxymoron is a(n) ______________ in terms. | contradiction |
| A ___________ about a group is a statement about the group that says some, all, or a percentage of them have some property. | generalization |
| An argument is fallacious when it contains only three or more logical fallacies. | False |
| One of the following statements is a universal generalization. | All A are B |
| In this fallacy, the arguer asks the opponent to choose between options that are not realistic or too extreme. It often appears as an 'either .... or' statement. | False Dilemma |
| Fallacies of relevance include ________ that are not relevant to the ___________ they support. | Premises, Conclusions |
| This fallacy occurs when one refutes an argument by pointing out some irrelevant characteristic of the reasoner rather than by pointing out some error in the reasoning itself. | Ad Hominem |
| An 'ad hominem' fallacy is an attack on a person's character as opposed to the claims of their argument. | True |
Created by:
Veeman