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Chapter 9 Key Terms
Lifespan Development / Openstax Psychology 2e
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| accommodation | adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known |
| adolescence | period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood |
| adrenarche | maturing of the adrenal glands |
| advance directive | a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will) |
| assimilation | adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known |
| attachment | long-standing connection or bond with others |
| authoritarian parenting style | parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child |
| authoritative parenting style | parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view |
| avoidant attachment | characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves |
| cognitive development | domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity |
| cognitive empathy | ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others |
| conception | when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote |
| concrete operational stage | third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events |
| conservation | idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed |
| continuous development | view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills |
| critical (sensitive) period | time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop |
| developmental milestone | approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events |
| discontinuous development | view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages |
| disorganized attachment | characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused |
| do no resuscitate (DNR) | a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient |
| egocentrism | preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others |
| embryo | multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development |
| emerging adulthood | newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family |
| fine motor skills | use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions |
| formal operational stage | final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations |
| gonadarche | maturing of the sex glands |
| gross motor skills | use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements |
| health care proxy | a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if they are unable to speak for themselves |
| hospice | service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting |
| living will | a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy |
| menarche | beginning of menstrual period; around 12-13 years old |
| mitosis | process of cell division |
| motor skills | ability to move our body and manipulate objects |
| nature | genes and biology |
| newborn reflexes | inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with |
| normative approach | study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones |
| nurture | environment and culture |
| object permanence | idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists |
| permissive parenting style | parents make few demands and rarely use punishment |
| physical development | domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness |
| placenta | structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby |
| prenatal care | medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus |
| preoperational stage | second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically |
| primary sexual characteristics | organs specifically needed for reproduction |
| psychosexual development | process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life |
| psychosocial development (1) | domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships |
| psychosocial development (2) | process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood |
| resistant attachment | characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child |
| reversibility | principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition |
| schema (plural: schemata) | concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information |
| secondary sexual characteristics | physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs |
| secure attachment | characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore |
| secure base | parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as they explores their surroundings |
| sensorimotor stage | first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior |
| socioemotional selectivity theory | social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years |
| spermarche | first male ejaculation |
| stage of moral reasoning | process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development |
| temperament | innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment |
| teratogen | biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus |
| uninvolved parenting style | parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands |
| zygote | structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta |
Created by:
SraBelanger
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