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PSY105 Modules 44-46
PSY105 Modules 44-46: Personality
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Trait | a quality or characteristic that influences behavior across a range of circumstances |
| Explain this approach to studying personality: nomothetic approach | identifies general principles and laws that govern behavior of all people |
| Explain this approach to studying personality: idiographic approach | identifies unique characteristics of an individual |
| Explain this behavior-genetic method for studying personality: Genetic factors | the influence that the human genome has on personality |
| Explain this behavior-genetic method for studying personality: shared environmental factors | experience that make individuals within a family more alike |
| Explain this behavior-genetic method for studying personality: nonshared environmental factors | experiences that make individuals within a family less alike |
| Twin studies | demonstrates that personality has both genetic and environmental influences. Monozygotic twins are more similar in personality than dizygotic. |
| Explain this core assumption of the psychoanalytic theory of personality: Psychic determinism | all psychological events have a cause; internal forces direct our behavior and feelings |
| Explain this core assumption of the psychoanalytic theory of personality: hidden and symbolic meaning | nothing is meaningless. All our actions, thoughts, and emotions have a psychological cause. |
| Explain this core assumption of the psychoanalytic theory of personality: unconscious motivation | we are very unaware of the motivations for our attitudes and behaviors. Psyche is like an iceberg, most of which is hidden below the surface. |
| Id | the reservoir of primitive, unconscious impulses and drives |
| Ego | the "boss of personality". To resolve the competing demands of the other 2 psychic agents (Id and superego). |
| Superego | Our sense of right and wrong. Morality agent. |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: repression | movement of emotionally risky impulses or memories to the unconscious |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: denital | refusal to acknowledge the truth/reality because it is distressing |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: regression | returning to previous stage of development because it is emotionally safer |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: reaction-formation | transforming a threatening experience or reality into its opposite |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: projection | attributing our own negative qualities onto others |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: displacement | redirecting an impulse from an unacceptable target to a more acceptable target |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: rationalization | forming a reasonable excuse for unreasonable behaviors or failures |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: intellectualization | avoiding the emotions associated with an uncomfortable reality by focusing on the abstract, impersonal elements of it. |
| Explain this ego defense mechanism: sublimation | changing an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable or even lauded quality |
| Explain this stage of psychosexual development: oral stage | (birth - 18 months) "orally fixated" adults might deal w/ stress by seeking lots of reassurance from others. Ex: chewing ice, smoking |
| Explain this stage of psychosexual development: anal stage | (18 months - 3 years) Children relive tension and experience pleasure through their bowels. An "anally fixated" adult might be overly exacting, neat, stingy, or stubborn. |
| Explain this stage of psychosexual development: phallic stage | (3 years to 6 years) critical stage of development, children develop a love triangle w/ their parents. Boys develop Oedipus complex, and girls an Electra complex |
| Explain this stage of psychosexual development: latency stage | (6 years to 12 years) sexual urges are submerged into the unconscious during this stage, which is a period of relative psychosexual calm. |
| Explain this stage of psychosexual development: genital stage | (12 years and up) sexual impulses emerge and if development has been "normal", healthy romantic relationships will form. |
| Who was Karen Horney and what is she famous for? | First feminist personality theorist. She saw women's feeling of inferiority as, not stemming from their anatomy, but from their overdependency on men |
| Who was Alfred Adler and what is he famous for? | Believed in prime motivational force for humans is the need for superiority over others. Individuals who are either spoiled or neglected are at risk for later developing an inferiority complex. |
| What is an iferiroity complex | individuals that go to great length to demonstrate their superiority, presumably in an effort to counteract their feelings of inferiority |
| Who was Carl Jung and what is he famous for? | argued that as a human race, we possess a collective unconscious. Accounts for similarities in cultures and religions, including symbols that cut across cultures - archetypes. |
| What is a collective unconscious? | warehouse of memories and experiences that have been passed down through generations |
| Who was Carl Rogers and what is he famous for? | developed person-centered therapy. believe that providing someone w/ unconditional positive regard was alone enough to effect change. |
| What was Roger's view of personality and the 3 components | ORGANISM: similar to Id, but innately positively directed SELF: set of beliefs of who we are CONDITONS OF WORTH: expectation we place upon ourselves in terms of behavior |
| Who was Abraham Maslow, and what was he famous for? | He perceived individuals as having self-actualized (reach their full potential). These individuals are spontaneous, grounded, socially connected, and accepting of themselves and those around them. |
| What doe behaviorists believe and view? | They view personality as an expression of our learning histories, or the sum total of our conditioning over a lifetime. Personality doesn't cause behaviors, only a collection. they agree with Freudians: we are often unaware of why we do what we do. |
| What are radical behaviorists? | they are deterministic, meaning they believe that our choices are illusory. the decisions we think we make as free agents are in reality just a product of our conditioning and genetic code. |
| what do Freudians believe | we don't know why we do what we do., but differ in that they think we are simply unaware of situational influences that direct our behavior. Freudian conceptualize the unseen forces as internal. |
| What do social learning theorist think | personality is a product of the thought we think, as well a the conditioning that occurs and influences us. We reflect on our experience and those thought influence and mold our conditioned responses. |
| Social leanring theory | Much of what we learn happens through observation, not just conditioning. |
| Reciprocal determinism | complex interaction between personality, cognition, behavior, and environment. |
| Explain the word experience in the big 5 model of personality | open people tend to be curious intellectually and generally unconventional in their interest and pursuits |
| Explain consientiousness in the big 5 model of personality | people who are responsible and aware of how their actions impact others |
| Explain extraversion in the big 5 model of personality | extraverted people tend to be social and outgoing; introverted people tend to be less social and inwardly oriented |
| Explain agreeableness in the big 5 model of personality | people who generally are sociable and easy to get along with |
| Explain neuroticism in the big 5 model of personality | people who tend to be moody and tense |
| What is the Big Five personality dimensions useful for | for predicting a number of behaviors including presidential success, job performance, physical health, and even mortality risk. |
| Explain the difference between basic tendencies and characteristics adaptions | basic tendencies are underlying personality traits, while characteristic adaptations are essentially how those tendencies are manifest behaviorally. |
| What is the purpose of a structured personality test? | test with a fixed set of questions and answers that are intended to be objective. |
| What is the MMPI and MMPI-2? | The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: the most extensively researched structured personality test. used to detect symptoms of mental illness. Low face validity (doesn't appear on its face to measure what it's intended to measure). |
| What is the purpose of a projective personality test? | Uses ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses which are then subjectively interpreted by the examiner. They are based on the projective hypothesis: a response to ambigous stimuli will reveal aspect of personality. |
| What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test? | Ambiguous inkblot images are shown to respondents who are directed to indicate what the inkblot image resembles. |
| What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? | Ambiguous depictions (mostly interpersonal) of situations are shown to respondents who are asked to tell a story about the image. |
| What is spotlight effect | People who tend to overestimate how much other people notice aspects of appearance or behavior |
| What is self-efficacy | one's belief in one's capacity and motivation to achieve goals and perform adequately at tasks |
| What is self-esteem | confidence in one's own worth |
| What is self-serving bias | tendency people have to take credit for good deeds and deny responsibility for bad deeds |
| What is narcissism | inflated sense of self-importance, often with a limited ability to have empathy for others. |
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eneill
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