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Psych Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | Sub field in psychology that deals with how our behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by our social interactions with others |
| Social Perceptions | Processes by which we form impressions, make judgements, and develop attitudes about people and events that constitute our social world |
| Impression Formation | Process of developing an opinion or impression of another person |
| Social Scheme | Mental image or representation we use to understand our social environment |
| Stereotypes | Tendency to characterize all members of a particular group as having certain characteristics in common |
| Self-fulfilling Prophecy | An expectation that helps us bring about the outcome that's expected |
| Attribution | An assumption about the causes of behaviors or events |
| Dispositional Causes | Causes relating to the internal characteristics or traits of individuals |
| Situational Causes | Causes relating to external or environmental events |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Tendency to attribute behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences |
| Actor-observer effect | Tendency to attribute the causes of one's own behavior to situational factors while attributing the causes of other people's behavior to internal factors or dispositions |
| Self-serving bias | Tendency to take credit for our accomplishments and explain away our failures and disappointments |
| Attitude | An evaluation or judgement of either liking or disliking a person, object, or social issue |
| Cognitive Dissonance theory | Belief that people are motivated to resolve discrepancies between their behavior and their attitudes, beliefs, or perceptions |
| Elaboration likelihood model | A theoretical model that posits two channels by which persuasive appeals lead to attitude change; a central route and peripheral route |
| Attraction | Describes feelings of liking others as well as having positive thoughts about them and inclinations to act positively towards them |
| Reciprocity | Principle that people tend to like others who like them back |
| Matching hypothesis | Belief that people tend to pair off with others who are similar to themselves in physical characteristics |
| Bystander Intervention | Helping a stranger in distress, influenced by; situational ambiguity, perceived "cost", diffusion of responsibility, similarity, empathy, facial features, mood, gender |
| In-groups | Social, religious, ethnic, racial, or national groups with which one identifies |
| Out-groups | Groups other than those with which one identifies |
| Out-group Negativism | Cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out groups than to those of in-groups |
| In-group Favoritism | Cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more positive characteristics to members of in-groups than to those of out-groups |
| Out-group Homogenity | Cognitive bias describing the tendency to perceive members of out-groups as more alike than members of in-groups |
| Authoritarian Personality | A personality type characterized by rigidity, prejudice, and excessive concerns with obedience/respect for authority |
| Stereotype threat | A sense of threat evoked in people from stereotyped groups when they believe that they may be judged/treated stereotypically |
| Contact hypothesis | Allport's belief that under certain conditions, increased inter group contact helps reduce prejudice and intergroup tension |
| Personal Identity | Part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as unique individuals, ex. I am caring, I like movies |
| Social Identity | Part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as members of particular groups; also called group identity ex. I am catholic, band member |
| Conformity | Tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures |
| Compliance | Process of acceding to requests or demands of others |
| Lowball technique | A compliance technique based on obtaining a person's initial agreement to purchase an item at a lower price before revealing hidden costs that raise the ultimate price |
| Bait and switch technique | A compliance technique based on baiting a person by making an unrealistically attractive offer and then replacing it with a less attractive offer |
| Foot in the door technique | A compliance technique based on securing compliance with a smaller request as a prelude to making a larger request |
| Door in the face technique | A compliance technique in which refusal of a large, unreasonable request is followed by a smaller, more reasonable request |
| Obedience | Compliance with commands or orders issued by others, usually people in a position of authority |
| Legitimization of authority | Tendency to grant legitimacy to the orders or commands of people in authority |
| Social validation | Tendency to use other people's behavior as a standard for judging the appropriateness of one's own behavior |
| Social facilitation | Tendency to work better or harder in the presence of others than when alone |
| Social loafing | Tendency to expend less effort when working as a member of a group than when working alone |
| Group think | Janis's term for the tendency of members of a decision-making group to be more focused on reaching a consensus than on critically examining issues at hand |
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Sydboyer15
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