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Rad 465
ARRT registry review covering Safety
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wavelength refers to | The distance between two consecutive wave crest (pg 237) |
| Frequency | the number of cycles per second (pg 237) |
| Frequency Unit of measure | Herts (Hz) (pg 237) |
| Frequency and energy are | directly related (pg 238) |
| wavelength and energy are | inversely related (pg 239) |
| Brensstrahlung Radiation | when electrons is deflected from it's original course caused by the "braking" result in a loss of energy (pg 240) |
| Characteristic radiation | when the electron encounters a tungsten atom and is ejected from the K-shell, leaving a vacancy in the K-shell (pg 240) |
| attenuation | a gradual decrease in exposure rate as ionizing radiation passes through tissues (pg 241) |
| how much is the x-ray beam characteristic | 10-30% (pg 241) |
| Photoelectric effect | when an electron is ejected from the inner shell leaving an vacancy. causing an electron from the outer shell to drop and fill the vacancy (pg 241) |
| what does photoelectric effect contribute to | patient dose (pg 214) |
| Photoelectric is more likely to occur when | having high atomic number (pg241) |
| ejected electron is called | recoil electron (pg 241) |
| Compton scatter contribute to | image fog (pg 241) |
| Compton scatter pose a | radiation hazard to personnel (pg 241) |
| ionization is caused by | high energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiations that break apart electrically neutral atoms ( pg 242) |
| 2 types of x-radiation are produced at the anode through energy conversion | bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation (pg 242) |
| photoelectric effect produces | short-scale contrast (pg 241) |
| Linear (stright-line) relationships are | those in which the response is directly proportional to the dose received, that is if the dose is increased, the biologic response is increased (pg 243) |
| nonlinear | the effects are not proportional to the dose (pg 243) |
| threshold | the dose below which no harmful effects are likely to occur, or the point/dose at which a response first begins (pg 243) |
| two most frequently used dose-response curves | linear, nonthreshold and the nonlinear threshold (pg 243) |
| Early effect | a result of high dose in a short period of time, should not be seen in diagnostic radiology (pg 244) |
| late effect | appears years after exposure (pg 244_ |
| two types of risks | nonstochastic/deterministic and stochastic/probabilistic (pg 244) |
| deterministic risk are | characterized by nonlinear dose responses and are associated with a threshold dose below which no effect is observed (pg 245) |
| examples of deterministic | radiation-indiced skin injury, hypothyroidism, cataract formation, hair loss, temporary infertility and sterility (pg 245) |
| what are the most radiosensitive cells | young cells, undifferentiated cells and highly mitotic cells (pg 246) |
| radiation weighting factor | is a number assigned to different types of ionizing radiations so that their effects may be better determined (pg 246) |
| tissue weighting factor | represents the relative tissue radiosensitivity of the irradiated material (pg 246) |
| the term equivalent dose refes | to the product of the absorbed dose and its radiation weighting factor (pg 246) |
| the term effective dose equicalent refes | to the dose from radiation sources internal and external to the body and is expressed in units of sievert or rem ( og 246) |
| LET | the rate where radiation deposits energy as it passes through tissue (pg 246) |
| relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) | As LET increases, the radiation's ability to produce biologic damage also increases (pg 247) |
| LET and RBE are | directly related (pg 247) |
| Direct effect | occurs when the ionizing particle interacts directly with the key molecule or another critical enzyme or protein. resulting in impaired function or death (pg 247) |
| indirect effect | when ionization takes place away from the DNA molecule, in cellular water (pg 247) |
| what is the primary target for cell damage from ionizing radiation | DNA (pg 247) |
| what percentage of cell damage is repairable | 90% (pg 248) |
| The most radiosensitive cell | lymphocyte (pg 250) |
| what are high risk exams for females | pelvis, hip, femur, lumbar spine, cystograms, and urogram (pg 250) |
| fetal irradiation during the first 2 weeks of gestation can result in | embryonic resorption or spontaneous abortion (pg 250) |
| 3 ways to reduce the risk to recent fertilized ovum | elective scheduling/10 day rule, patient questionnaire, and posting (pg 251) |
| somatic effect | are manifested within minutes, hours, days or weeks of irradiation (pg 253) |
| late somatic effect | occurs years after initial exposure and are caused by low chronic exposures. (pg 253) |
| what are 3 types of acute radiation syndromes | hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and central nervous system (pg 254) |
| Acute radiation syndromes (ARS) | a acute condition caused by a large external penetrating exposure of ionizing radiation (pg 254) |
| 4 stages of ARS | prodromal, latent, manifest illness, and recovery or death (pg 255) |
| embryologic effect | those experienced by the body of the developing embryo or fetus (pg 254) |
| 3 types of beam restrictors | aperture diaphragm, cone/cylinder, collimator (pg 262) |
| total filtration is composed of | inherent and added filtration (pg. 265) |
| what is the purpose of filtration | to reduce patient dose (pg 265) |
| protective shielding | used to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure to especially radiosensitive organs (pg 267) |
| 3 types of gonadal shield | flat contact shields, shadow shields and contour contact shields (pg 267) |
| Citation for all flashcards | Saia, D. A. (2018). Radiography prep: Program review and exam preparation. McGraw-Hill Education. |
Created by:
ktoliver1
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