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Endo Flash Cards
Ch 13 Endocrine Flash Cards (Paradigm)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nonsteroid hormone | a hormone that does not have the ability to penetrate cells, but binds to receptors on a cell membrane to activate secondary messengers within the cell |
| glitazone | see thiazolidinedione |
| positive feedback | feedback from the body’s systems that promotes continued production of hormone or of a chemical the hormone affects without keeping blood levels within a particular range |
| exophthalmos | a condition in which fat collects behind the eyeball |
| thiazolidinedione | a member of a class of drugs that directly increase insulin sensitivity in cells by stimulating the production of more insulin receptors; also known as glitazone |
| type 1 diabetes | insulin-dependent diabetes, in which the patient has no ability to produce insulin |
| lactic acidosis | a potentially fatal condition that can be a side effect of metformin and requires medical care and hospitalization |
| negative feedback | feedback process that occurs when the level of hormone in the blood or the level of a chemical it affects moves above or below a desired range; when this occurs, hormone production is lowered or raised in the opposite direction to bring the blood level of the hormone or the chemical it affects back into the appropriate range |
| hypothyroidism | a deficiency of thyroid activity that results in tiredness, lethargy, hair loss, weight gain, changes in sleep, depressed mood, and increased appetite |
| diabetes | a disease characterized by high blood glucose due to insufficient levels of insulin |
| insulin secretagogue | an agent that stimulates insulin production from the pancreas to directly lower blood glucose levels |
| dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | one of a class of agents for treating diabetes that slow the inactivation of incretin hormones, allowing them to persist longer and produce beneficial effects |
| rapid-acting insulin | insulin that begins to work in 10 minutes and lasts as long as 2 hours |
| endocrine system | a collection of ductless glands and other structures that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| glucocorticoid | a corticosteroid involved in cholesterol, fat, and protein metabolism |
| glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide | an endogenous incretin hormone that GLP-1 agonists mimic |
| type 2 diabetes | a type of diabetes characterized by insulin insufficiency or by the resistance of the target tissues to the insulin produced |
| diabetic neuropathy | a lack of blood flow to nerves that leaves them unable to function |
| long-acting insulin | insulin that works for approximately 24 hours and is injected one time a day |
| gluconeogenesis | the conversion of fatty acids and proteins to glucose |
| oral thyroid supplementation | the administration of an agent to artificially provide adequate hormone levels |
| basal insulin | sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 inhibitor |
| vial | a container that holds medicine |
| alopecia | hair loss |
| amylin | a hormone coproduced with insulin that reduces glucagon production, slows gastric emptying, and produces satiety |
| mineralocorticoid | a corticosteroid involved in regulating electrolyte and water balance |
| first-phase insulin response | the immediate burst of insulin that occurs with or slightly before the first bite of food |
| thyroid storm | a life-threatening medical emergency with the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, but more exaggerated |
| feedback mechanism | continuous feedback from the body that causes increases or decreases in the production of various hormones |
| self-injector pen | a syringe that only needs to pierce the skin to pump medicine into the body |
| hydrocortisone | the pharmaceutical term for cortisol |
| fight-or-flight response | the body’s physical preparation to either escape or do battle when faced with danger |
| prandial | mealtime |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) | an average of the sugar measured in blood glucose over a period of time |
| secondary diabetes | diabetes caused by drugs |
| hyperthyroidism | a condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone; also known as thyrotoxicosis |
| circadian | regularly recurring on a cycle of 24 hours |
| insulin | a hormone that helps cells burn glucose for energy |
| Graves’ disease | a condition in which the production of thyroid hormones is increased |
| hyperglycemia | an elevated blood sugar level |
| Cushing’s syndrome | a disease caused by overproduction of steroids, excessive administration of corticosteroids over an extended period, or adrenal gland tumors |
| steroid hormone | a messenger hormone that passes directly into the cells of the target organ |
| triiodothyronine (T3) | a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that can increase metabolic activity; tends to be more active than thyroxine (T4) |
| gestational diabetes | diabetes that occurs during pregnancy due to insulin resistance caused by elevated hormones |
| GLP-1 | an endogenous incretin hormone that GLP-1 agonists mimic |
| diabetic retinopathy | damage to the blood vessels in the retina due to diabetes; rupture of these vessels can cause loss of sight |
| satiety | a sensation of fullness and satisfaction |
| second-phase insulin secretion | the continued but somewhat slower release of insulin in the hours after eating |
| bolus insulin | insulin released at mealtimes to react with glucose entering the body from food intake |
| hypoglycemia | a low blood glucose level (less than 70 mg/dL) |
| sulfonylurea | one of a class of diabetes medications that increase secretion of insulin from the pancreas; drugs in this class can take 30,minutes or more to start working and can,last for 8 hours or longer |
| Addison’s disease | a life-threatening deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids that is treated with daily administration of corticosteroids |
| corticosteroid | any of several steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex |
| thyroid gland | a gland that produces hormones that stimulate various body tissues to increase their metabolic activity |
| hormone | a secretion released by an endocrine gland into the circulatory system that has a specific regulatory effect on organs and other tissues |
| intermediate-acting insulin | insulin that begins to be effective in 30 to 60 minutes and lasts 6 to 8 hours in most cases |
| insulin pump | a device that delivers insulin through a tiny tube inserted just under the skin |
| meglitinide | one of a class of diabetes medications that increase the secretion of insulin from the pancreas; drugs in this class act within 10 minutes and last around 2 hours |
| glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist | an agent that treats diabetes by mimicking the endogenous incretin hormones GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide |
| target | a cell, tissue, or organ that is affected by a particular hormone |
| short-acting insulin | insulin that begins to work in around 30 minutes and lasts up to 4 hours |
| thyroxine (T4) | a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that can increase metabolic activity; tends to be less active than triiodothyronine (T3) |
| radioiodine ablation | the removal or reduction of the thyroid via radioactive iodine |
| dispense as written | instruction in a prescription to prevent substitution of a generic drug for a branded drug |
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