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PSY100 Chapter 14
Terms from week 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological disorder | Clinically significant disturbances that reflect a dysfunction in mental processing |
| Biomedical model | Approach that considers disorders as diseases of the brain and emphasizes pharmacological treatment (medication) |
| Biopsychosocial model | Approach that disorders are a product of biology, society, and psychological factors/predisposition |
| Diathesis-stress model | Both genetics and stressful life events will predict the likelihood of developing a mental disorder |
| Evidence-based assessment | Use standardized, reliable tests when assessing for possible diagnosis |
| Comorbidity | Many disorders have similar symptoms that overlap, and so will often be diagnosed together |
| Abnormal/maladaptive behavior | Distinction is that is MUST interfere with at least one important aspect of someone's life |
| Treatment | The interaction between a client and a practitioner; may involve drugs |
| Psychotherapy | Talk therapy; verbal interaction/communication between a patient and a therapist |
| Evidence-based practice | Using a combination of clinical expertise, scientific evidence, and patient values/goals/beliefs to come to a diagnosis |
| Psychoanalytic therapy | Focus on bringing unconscious thought to the conscious; increase patients insight into their own cognitive processes |
| Person-centered therapy (humanistic) | Encourages a person to grow through self-understanding; unconditional positive regard of the patient |
| Cognitive therapy | Attempts to modify maladaptive thought patterns; Restructure automatic negative thoughts to replace with healthier thought processes |
| Behavior therapy | Attempts to modify maladaptive behaviors; reconditioning the person to behave differently in certain situations |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Combines practices to correct maladaptive thinking AND behavior at once |
| Psychotropic medication | Drugs that affect mental processes |
| Aniolytics | Anti-anxiety medication; increases GABA activity |
| Antidepressants | Anti-depressant medication; increase serotonin levels |
| Antipsychotics | Anti-psychotic medication; blocks the release of dopamine |
| Schizophrenia | Disorder characterized by alterations of perceptions, emotions and thoughts/consciousness; treated with antipsychotics |
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia | Excess in behavior; hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech or behavior |
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia | Isolation, apathy, blunted emotion, monotonous speech |
| Factors that contribute to schizophrenia | Frontal lobe dysfunction (enlarged ventricles and less brain matter), environmental stressors, THC drug use |
| Bipolar disorder | Disorder characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood between manic and depressive episodes |
| Mania | Elevated mood, less sleep, excessive interest in activities, racing thoughts, etc |
| Major depressive disorder | Disorder characterized by presence of depressed mood or anhedonia |
| Anhedonia | Lack of interest in things that usually interest you |
| Symptoms of major depressive disorder | Loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, lack of energy and concentration, suicidal ideation, etc. |
| Potential factors leading to depressive disorder | Learned helplessness, depressive attributional style, severe stress |
| Learned helplessness | State where experiencing uncontrollable situations can lead to depression |
| Depressive attributional style | Attribute failures to internal, global, stable causes (blame yourself and make broad negative assertations) |
| Beck's Cognitive triad | Negative views about the self, the world, and the future all play off of each other and create a downward spiral of thought |
| Treatments for depression | Antidepressant medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and alternative treatment for those resistant to traditional methods |
| Anxiety disorders | Disorder characterized by excessive or difficult to control fear or worrying |
| Symptoms of anxiety disorders | Excess worry, restlessness, excessive startle response, autonomic system arousal |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | Characterized by a constant negative/anxious feeling that is not linked to anything specifically; comorbid with depression |
| Specific phobias | Fear caused by specific stimuli |
| Social anxiety disorder | Fear/worry caused by social interaction |
| Agoraphobia | Specific fear of being in a place and being unable to escape; comorbid with panic disorders |
| Panic disorder | Characterized by random panic attacks with seemingly no cause; comorbid with agoraphobia |
| Potential causes of anxiety disorders | High attention to threat levels, dysfunction in the amygdala/prefrontal cortex/fear circuitry in the brain, genetic predispostition |
| Treatment of anxiety disorders | Anti-anxiety medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy |
| Obsessive Compulsive disorder | Disorder characterized by having one/both of obsessions and compulsions |
| Obsessions | recurrent intrusive/unwanted thoughts that often include fear |
| Compulsions | Particular acts that one feels driven to repeat over and over |
| Possible causes of OCD | Strong genetic component; accidental conditioning to fear a typically non-anxious event |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | Disorders typically diagnosed in childhood that persist throughout adult life; includes ASD, ADHD, and conduct disorder |
| Autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) | Disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | Disorder characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both |
| Mood disorderes | Disorders affecting the mood |
| Electroconvulsive therapy | A biological treatment in which seizures are induced in an anaesthetized patient; it is used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders that have not responded to medication or other treatments |
| Deep brain stimulation | Electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders |
Created by:
doctorpenguin
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