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PSY100 Chapter 12
Terms from week 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personality | The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances |
| Idiographic approaches to personality | Person-focused look at individual lives (humanistic perspective) |
| Nomothetic approaches to personality | Focus on common traits that combine in different ways to describe different people |
| Projective measures | Standardized test sets, like the inkblot test |
| Objective measures | Self reporting tests and informant ratings |
| Psychodynamic theory | Fathered by Freud; looks at why someone is the way they are; very difficult to study |
| Ice berg model | Freud; levels of the mind; conscious level (presently aware of), preconscious (not active but accessible), unconscious (submerged, inaccessible) |
| Aspects of the self theory | The self consists of the id, ego, and superego interacting |
| Id | Completely unconscious pleasure center; driven by primal/innate urges (eat, sleep, fuck, etc.) |
| Superego | Internalized ideals; moral principles that dictate how we believe we should behave |
| Ego | Executive mediator between the id and the superego; reality principle |
| Defence mechanisms | Unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself |
| Carl Jung | Neo-Freudian who fathered Analytical psychology; followed and built upon Freud's ideas |
| Karen Horney | Neo-Freudian who started Feminist psychology; argued and disputed most of Freud's ideas; emphasis on cultural and social effects on personality |
| Self-actualization | Abraham Maslow; people seek personal growth in order to fulfill their potential |
| Person centered approach | Carl Roger; therapy centered around the individual, not based on concrete preexisting thoughts |
| Phenomenology | Focus on each person's experience and feelings |
| Unconditional positive regard | Rule for therapists that they had to treat every person like they were inherently good, even if their actions are bad |
| Self concept | The organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself (people's descriptions of their own characteristics) |
| Ideal-self | Set of perceptions and beliefs that someone has about who they want to be/think they should be |
| Congruency in self-actualization | How much the self concept and the ideal self overlap/align |
| Self | the totality of the individual, consisting of all characteristic attributes, conscious and unconscious, mental and physical |
| Self-construal | The extent to which the self is defined independently of others (you are your own person; Western) or interdependently with others (think about yourself in terms of your social connections; Eastern) |
| Social-cognitive approach | A theory of personality that features cognition and learning, especially from the social environment, as important sources of individual differences in personality |
| Albert Bandura | Fathered the social learning theory |
| Reciprocal Determinism | Personal factors, environment, and behavior all affect each other equally |
| Self-efficacy | Self belief of how successful we are/will be in different domains |
| Aspects that affect self efficacy | Past performance experience, vicarious experience (watched from others), social persuasion (coaching and feedback from others), imaginal experiences (visualization of future success), physical and emotional states |
| Locus of control | Belief of how much control you have over the outcomes in your life (pessimistic vs. optimistic) |
| Internal locus of control | You are in control of what happens to you |
| External locus of control | You are not in control of what happens to you |
| Self-regulation | Changing your behavior in order to attain goals |
| Self-control | Self-regulating between short and long term goals |
| Delay of gratification | Self-control tactic that allows you to offput immediate satisfaction to gain more satisfaction later on |
| If-then behavior profiles | Belief that people may not behave the same across all social situations; still behave consistently within the same situation (act one way around parents, but another way around friends, consistently) |
| Trait approaches to personality | Approach that believes personalities are combinations of broadly defined traits |
| Personality trait | A characteristic; tendency to act a certain way across time and situations |
| Personality type | A classification based on particular configurations of personality traits or other characteristics |
| Big Five model | A trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for most individual differences in personality |
| OCEAN (Big Five Traits) | Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (emotional stability) |
| Four major personality types across the Big 5 | Average, Self centered, Reserved, Role-model |
| Average personality | Low in openness to experience, high in conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
| Self-centered personality | High in extraversion, low in openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
| Reserved personality | Low in neuroticism and openness to experience, average in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion |
| Role-model personality | Low in neuroticism, high in extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness |
| Humanistic approaches | Focus on the individual and their experience |
| Self-handicapping | Self-sabotaging action that prevents possible negative affects on the ego later |
Created by:
doctorpenguin
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