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PSY100 Chapter 8
Terms from week 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | A lasting change in behavior resulting from experience |
| Black Box Model | Behaviorist view; the process that causes a behavior is not important, only observable behaviors matter |
| Behavioral conditioning | A skill learned or developed based on previous experience |
| Nonassociative learning | Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli (Habituation, sensitization, etc.) |
| Habituation | Stop responding to constant stimulus |
| Sensitization | An increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus |
| Associative learning | Learning that involves forming connections between stimuli and behaviors |
| Observational learning | Learning that involves watching others (social learning/modelling) |
| Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian) | Two different stimuli become associated with each other; no action needed by the learner (neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural reflex) |
| Unconditioned stimulus | Stimulus that elicits a response without any prior experience (Pavlov ex: food) |
| Unconditioned response | Response to the unconditioned stimulus (Pavlov ex: salivation in presence of food) |
| Conditioned stimulus | Stimulus whose significance is assigned through classical conditioning (Pavlov ex: sound ONLY AFTER BEING PAIRED WITH FOOD) |
| Conditioned response | Response learned through classical conditioning (Pavlov ex: salivation at sound of bell/tone) |
| Acquisition | Gradual formation of an association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (Pavlov ex: food and sound) |
| Extinction | Gradual loss of conditioned response due to lack of unconditioned stimulus being presented |
| Spontaneous recovery | Random relapse of conditioned response after it has already been extinguished |
| Stimulus generalization | Different but similar stimuli cause the same conditioned response |
| Stimulus discrimination | Only one stimulus produced the conditioned response |
| Second-order conditioning | Secondary stimulus can become a conditioned stimuli when accidentally paired with the original stimulus (Pavlov ex: chef who brings meat paired with sound) |
| Latent inhibition | Familiar stimuli take longer to condition/recondition than new stimuli |
| Taste aversion | Association that is easier to learn than other associations |
| Prediction | Conditioned stimulus must accurately predict the unconditioned stimulus; timing between exposure is crucial to learning |
| Rescorla-Wagner model | The strength of the Conditioned-Unconditioned stimulus association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising (greater effort by the learner to understand why the unconditioned stimulus appeared) |
| Operant conditioning | Learning style where experience changes behavior; associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes |
| Reinforcer | A stimulus delivered after a desired behavior that will increase the behavior |
| Shaping | Reinforcing behavior increasingly similar to the desired behavior until it is reached |
| Positive reinforcement | Giving something to increase behavior (reward for doing chores) |
| Negative reinforcement | Taking something away to increase behavior (no chores tomorrow for doing them today) |
| Positive punishment | Giving something to decrease behavior (reward for not biting nails) |
| Negative punishment | Taking something away to decrease behavior (remove privilege as a result of nail biting) |
| Premack principle (relativity theory of reinforcement) | Using a higher probability behavior (more enjoyable/likely to be done) to motivate and reinforce a lower probability behavior |
| Token economics | System where tokens are earned for doing desired behaviors that can be exchanged for other reinforcers |
| Continuous reinforcement | Reinforcer follows every desired response/behavior |
| Partial reinforcement | Set schedule for when a reinforcer will follow a desired response/behavior (fixed or variable, ratio or time) |
| Fixed-interval reinforcement | Response after a specific time period is reinforced (passage of time period, predictable schedule) ex: every 15 minutes of doing homework you get a reward |
| Variable-interval reinforcement | Response after varying time period is reinforced (passage of time, unpredictable schedule) ex: 'likes' on social media increases use/checking |
| Fixed-ratio reinforcement | Fixed number of responses must occur before reinforcement (number of behaviors, predictable schedule) ex: reward for every sixth purchase at a store |
| Variable-ratio reinforcement | Varying number of responses must occur before reinforcement (number of behaviors, unpredictable schedule) ex: slot machines STRONGEST REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE |
| Accidental reinforcement | Superstitious behavior; coincidences lead to belief that a behavior causes a reward |
| Biological constraint to operant conditioning | The farther a desired behavior strays from an animals natural instincts, the harder it will be for the animal to learn and perform |
| Pleasure centers of the brain | Most influential aspect of learning; animals will perform amazing tasks to achieve satisfiers like food, water, and sex |
| Reward circuits | Nucleus accumbens releases dopamine in the brain, causes 'rewarding' feeling |
| Latent learning | Learning that occurs without being presented, and is only observable when a reward is offered |
| Social learning theory | View that learning is largely due to imitation, modeling, and social interactions |
| Attention | Looking at a model |
| Retention | Remembering an observed behavior |
| Reproduction | Ability to perform an observed behavior yourself |
| Motivation | The outcome of the behavior (good or bad?); should the behavior be repeated; how was the observed model treated |
| Instincts | Inborn pattern of responses/behavior elicited by environmental stimuli (fixed action pattern) |
| Biological preparedness | Evolutionary predisposition to making associations between specific stimuli and responses |
| Higher order conditioning | Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus (CS) also elicit conditioned responses (CRs) |
| Thorndike's law of effect | Behavior that leads to satisfaction is more likely to occur, and behavior that leads to annoyance is less likely to occur |
| Primary reinforcer | Reinforcers that are not learned, but are innate (food, water, sex, sleep, etc.) |
| Secondary reinforcer | Reinforcement that has already been paired with a primary reinforcer |
| Instinctive drift | Tendency for an animal to revert back to biological instincts despite conditioning |
Created by:
doctorpenguin
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