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Safety - RADT 465

ARRT registry review covering for Safety content area

QuestionAnswer
Productions of X-rays at Tungsten Target Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic
Interactions of X-rays photon and Matter Photoelectric, Compton Scatter
Photoelectric effect characteristics low energy x r-ray photon, inner shell electron, characteristic ray, patient dose contribution, it occurs in high atomic number
Compton scatter characteristics predominant in diagnostic x-ray range, high energy x ray photon, outer shell electron, scatter radiation fog, radiation hazard to personnel
Linear Response is proportional to dose
Nonlinear Response is not proportional to dose
Threshold A dose must be received before a response can occur
Nonthreshold No safe dose
Early effects Appear a short time after exposure, high dose in a short period of time, not in diagnostic radiology
Late effects years after exposure: carcinogenesis, cataractogenesis, embryologic effects, life spam shortening
Nonstochastic/deterministic threshold, nonlinear, early effects and some later effects
Stochastic/probabilistic no threshold, linear, genetic effects, cancer, cancer
Linear, nonthreshold illustrates stochastics responses and is the curve of choice used for occupational exposure
Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau most radiosensitive cells are young, differentiated, and highly mitotic cells
Most radiosensitive cell lymphocyte
Acute Radiation Syndromes Hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, central nervous system
Stages of Acute Radiation Syndrome Prodromal, latent, manifest illness, recovery or death
Genetically significant dose The genetic dose of radiation borne by each member of the reproductive population
The most important way to reduce patient dose beam restriction
Filtration for equipment above 70 kV 2.5 mmAl
Filtration for equipment operating between 50 and 70 kV 1.5 mmAl
Filtration for equipment below 50 kV 0.5 mmAl
Types of AECs ionization chamber and phototimer
Reproducitibility output intensity must be consistent from one exposure to the next, any variation in output intensity mut not exceed 5%
Linearity output intensity must be constant when mA stations are used, with exposure times adjusted to maintain the same mAs; any variation in output intensity must not exceed 10%
Leakage radiation in tube housing should be less than 1mGya/h (100mR/h) when measured 1 m from the tube
the collimated x-ray field must be within 2% of the SID in manual collimation and within 4% in PBL
Single phase equipment test simple spinning-top test tool
Three-phase equipment test synchronous spinning top or an oscilloscope
SSD for all radiographic equipment not less than 30 cm (12in)
SSD for stationary (fixed) fluoroscopy equipment 38 cm (15in)
SSD for mobile fluoroscopic equipment 30 cm (12in)
Tabletop intensity of the fluoroscopic beam less than 100 mGya/min (10r/min)
Tabletop intensity of high-level control fluoroscopy must not exceed 200 mGya/min (20R/min)
Image intensifier in fluoroscopy protective barrier from the primary beam and must be equivalent of 2.0 mm Pb
As a protective barrier, Bucky slot cover should be 0.25 mm Pb
As protective barrier, leaded screen drape and tableside shield should be 0.25 mm Pb
Protective lead aprons must be 0.25 mm Pb, NCRP recommends 0.5 mm Pb
Protective lead gloves must be 0.25 mm Pb
Factors affecting barrier thickness Occupancy factor, workload, use factor
occupancy factor refers to the amount of time the space beyond the barrier is occupied
workload expressed in units of milliampere seconds per week or milliampere minutes per week
use factor the percentage of time the primary beam is directed at a particular barrier
Primary protective barriers should be walls with 1.5mm (1/16in) and 7 ft height
Secondary radiation barriers portion of the walls above 7 ft in height, 0.75 mm(1/32 in) lead
Leaded glass should be 1.5 mm Pb equivalent
gestational dose limit 5 mSv
Distance between x-ray source and x-ray table (patient) 30 cm (12in) and preferably 38 cm (15in)
Annual occupational dose 50 mSv (5rem)
Lens of the eye dose 150 mSv (15rem)
Skin, hands, feet 500 mSv (50rem)
Cumulative occupational dose 10 x age
Public annual dose 5mSv (0.5rem)
Public lens of the eye, skin, hands feet 50mSv (5rem)
Types of ionizing radiation with high quality factor alpha particles, protons, fast neutrons
Types of ionizing radiation low quality factor beta particles, gamma rays, x rays
OER Oxygen enhancement ratio - effect of radiation due to the presence of oxygen, expressed as the ratio of radiation dose required to produce a given effect with no oxygen present to the dose required to produce the same effect in 1 atmosphere of air
Fractionation Equal doses of radiation delivered with time interval separations
Protraction Radiation dose delivered continuously but at a lower dose rate
Direct effect when radiation strikes DNA
Indirect effect when water molecules are stroke
Hydrogen peroxide poisons the cell
Hydroperoxyl biologic damage to the cell
References Schmuck, H. (2020). RADT465 Unit 4: Safety – Radiation Protection, Physics, and Radiobiology Worksheet (Unpublished course reference). University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN.
References Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter 8 Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 237-255).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
References Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter 9 Patient Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 262-276).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
References Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter 10 Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 281-290).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
References Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter 11 Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 295-305).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Created by: hmalmanzag
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