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Safety - RADT 465
ARRT registry review covering for Safety content area
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Productions of X-rays at Tungsten Target | Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic |
| Interactions of X-rays photon and Matter | Photoelectric, Compton Scatter |
| Photoelectric effect characteristics | low energy x r-ray photon, inner shell electron, characteristic ray, patient dose contribution, it occurs in high atomic number |
| Compton scatter characteristics | predominant in diagnostic x-ray range, high energy x ray photon, outer shell electron, scatter radiation fog, radiation hazard to personnel |
| Linear | Response is proportional to dose |
| Nonlinear | Response is not proportional to dose |
| Threshold | A dose must be received before a response can occur |
| Nonthreshold | No safe dose |
| Early effects | Appear a short time after exposure, high dose in a short period of time, not in diagnostic radiology |
| Late effects | years after exposure: carcinogenesis, cataractogenesis, embryologic effects, life spam shortening |
| Nonstochastic/deterministic | threshold, nonlinear, early effects and some later effects |
| Stochastic/probabilistic | no threshold, linear, genetic effects, cancer, cancer |
| Linear, nonthreshold | illustrates stochastics responses and is the curve of choice used for occupational exposure |
| Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau | most radiosensitive cells are young, differentiated, and highly mitotic cells |
| Most radiosensitive cell | lymphocyte |
| Acute Radiation Syndromes | Hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, central nervous system |
| Stages of Acute Radiation Syndrome | Prodromal, latent, manifest illness, recovery or death |
| Genetically significant dose | The genetic dose of radiation borne by each member of the reproductive population |
| The most important way to reduce patient dose | beam restriction |
| Filtration for equipment above 70 kV | 2.5 mmAl |
| Filtration for equipment operating between 50 and 70 kV | 1.5 mmAl |
| Filtration for equipment below 50 kV | 0.5 mmAl |
| Types of AECs | ionization chamber and phototimer |
| Reproducitibility | output intensity must be consistent from one exposure to the next, any variation in output intensity mut not exceed 5% |
| Linearity | output intensity must be constant when mA stations are used, with exposure times adjusted to maintain the same mAs; any variation in output intensity must not exceed 10% |
| Leakage radiation in tube housing should | be less than 1mGya/h (100mR/h) when measured 1 m from the tube |
| the collimated x-ray field must be | within 2% of the SID in manual collimation and within 4% in PBL |
| Single phase equipment test | simple spinning-top test tool |
| Three-phase equipment test | synchronous spinning top or an oscilloscope |
| SSD for all radiographic equipment | not less than 30 cm (12in) |
| SSD for stationary (fixed) fluoroscopy equipment | 38 cm (15in) |
| SSD for mobile fluoroscopic equipment | 30 cm (12in) |
| Tabletop intensity of the fluoroscopic beam | less than 100 mGya/min (10r/min) |
| Tabletop intensity of high-level control fluoroscopy must not exceed | 200 mGya/min (20R/min) |
| Image intensifier in fluoroscopy | protective barrier from the primary beam and must be equivalent of 2.0 mm Pb |
| As a protective barrier, Bucky slot cover should be | 0.25 mm Pb |
| As protective barrier, leaded screen drape and tableside shield should be | 0.25 mm Pb |
| Protective lead aprons must be | 0.25 mm Pb, NCRP recommends 0.5 mm Pb |
| Protective lead gloves must be | 0.25 mm Pb |
| Factors affecting barrier thickness | Occupancy factor, workload, use factor |
| occupancy factor | refers to the amount of time the space beyond the barrier is occupied |
| workload | expressed in units of milliampere seconds per week or milliampere minutes per week |
| use factor | the percentage of time the primary beam is directed at a particular barrier |
| Primary protective barriers should be | walls with 1.5mm (1/16in) and 7 ft height |
| Secondary radiation barriers | portion of the walls above 7 ft in height, 0.75 mm(1/32 in) lead |
| Leaded glass should be | 1.5 mm Pb equivalent |
| gestational dose limit | 5 mSv |
| Distance between x-ray source and x-ray table (patient) | 30 cm (12in) and preferably 38 cm (15in) |
| Annual occupational dose | 50 mSv (5rem) |
| Lens of the eye dose | 150 mSv (15rem) |
| Skin, hands, feet | 500 mSv (50rem) |
| Cumulative occupational dose | 10 x age |
| Public annual dose | 5mSv (0.5rem) |
| Public lens of the eye, skin, hands feet | 50mSv (5rem) |
| Types of ionizing radiation with high quality factor | alpha particles, protons, fast neutrons |
| Types of ionizing radiation low quality factor | beta particles, gamma rays, x rays |
| OER | Oxygen enhancement ratio - effect of radiation due to the presence of oxygen, expressed as the ratio of radiation dose required to produce a given effect with no oxygen present to the dose required to produce the same effect in 1 atmosphere of air |
| Fractionation | Equal doses of radiation delivered with time interval separations |
| Protraction | Radiation dose delivered continuously but at a lower dose rate |
| Direct effect | when radiation strikes DNA |
| Indirect effect | when water molecules are stroke |
| Hydrogen peroxide | poisons the cell |
| Hydroperoxyl | biologic damage to the cell |
| References | Schmuck, H. (2020). RADT465 Unit 4: Safety – Radiation Protection, Physics, and Radiobiology Worksheet (Unpublished course reference). University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN. |
| References | Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter 8 Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 237-255).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. |
| References | Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter 9 Patient Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 262-276).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. |
| References | Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter 10 Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 281-290).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. |
| References | Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter 11 Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 295-305).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. |
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hmalmanzag
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