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Analgesics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 types of pain? | Visceral Somatic Neuropathic |
| Pain sensation arises in nerve endings known as | Nociceptors |
| What are the 4 phases of pain pathway? | Transduction Transmission Modulation Perception |
| What phase begins at site of injury- nociceptors are engaged. Electrical impulses are created when nerve endings exceed their threshold for stimulation | Transduction |
| What phase sends nerve impulses along afferent nerves towards the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and motor impulses are transmitted away from ventral horn of spinal cord via efferent nerves? | Transmission |
| What phase involves changing or inhibiting pain impulses in the spinal cord. | Modulation |
| What phase occurs after the pain process begins | Perception |
| What type of pain arises from the disruption or injury of internal organs? | Visceral pain |
| What type of pain originates from pain receptors in musculoskeletal or body surface tissue that are activated during injury? | Somatic pain |
| What type of pain is caused by spinal cord or peripheral nerve injury? | Neuropathic pain |
| Inflammation a normal immune response when damage or infection occurs to living tissue is known as | The inflammatory response |
| In the inflammatory pathway___ in the cell are broken down by ___ into ___ ___ and ___ breaks down the ____into ___ and ___, which cause inflammation | phospholipids, phospholipase, arachidonic acid Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase, arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, leukotrienes |
| In the presence of a fever, ___ drugs can be administered to block the biosynthesis of the causative prostaglandin. | Antipyretic |
| What are 2 general classes of anti-inflammatory drugs? | Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
| What enzyme maintains functions such as renal blood flow, gastric mucosa and blood clotting function? | COX-1 |
| What enzyme is a result of injury? | COX-2 |
| The cortex of the adrenal gland secrete 2 types of steroids, what are they? | Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids |
| What steroid regulates the retention and excretion of sodium, potassium and water? | Mineralocorticoids |
| What is a principal natural mineralocorticoid? | Aldosterone |
| What steroid is a potent anti-inflammatory that block phospholipase and influences carbohydrate and protein metabolism? | Glucocorticoids |
| What is a principal natural glucocorticoid? | Hydrocortisone |
| What glucocorticoid is given IV,IM,SQ,PO for small and large animals? | Dexamethasone |
| What glucocorticoid is given IV, IM, SQ for large animals | Flumethasone |
| What glucocorticoid is mostly commonly PO for small animals | Prednisone or Prednisolone |
| What do you ALWAYS have to do to corticosteroids? | TAPER DOSE!!! |
| What group modify the inflammatory response by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme? A. Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs B. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs C. Alpha-2 Agonists D. Local anesthetics | B. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs |
| What is the most commonly used salicylate drug that is approved for use in horses and cattle only? | Acetylsalicylic Acid |
| What nicotinic acid derivative is a potent nonsteroidal analgesic agent with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity? | Flunixin meglumine |
| What drug is the most commonly used NSAID in equine medicine? | Phenylbutazone |
| What NSAID has potent effects on both vascular and cellular phases of inflammation? A. Salicylates B. Nicotinic Acid Derivatives C. Propionic Acid Derivatives D. Pyrazolone Derivatives | C. Propionic Acid Derivatives |
| What drug is COX non-selective? | Ketoprofen |
| What drug is COX-2 preferential licensed for multiple species? (generic and trade name) | Meloxicam (Metacam) |
| What drug is COX-2 selective available for cats and dogs IV, SQ, PO? (generic and trade name) | Robenacoxib (Onsior) |
| What human OTC drug has higher incidence of side effect due to lower safety margin higher incidence of toxicity? | Aspirin |
| What human OTC drug should be avoided as extremely likely to cause acute renal failure in animals? | Ibuprofen |
| What human OTC drug has been used in the passed in dogs but is not approved and usually fatal in cats? | Acetaminophen |
| What tricyclic antidepressant helps with chronic pain, especially neuropathic or cancer pain? | Amitriptyline |
| What muscle relaxant reduces the excitability of motor neurons, allowing muscles to relax? | Spasmolytic agent - Methocarbamol |
| What muscle relaxant is used as a paralytic during open-chest surgeries when mechanical ventilation is available and necessary? | Neuromuscular blocks- Atricurium |
Created by:
SelinaW
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