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PSY100 Chapter 2
Terms from week 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Theory | A set of facts that explains the relationship between two or more variables; broad scope supported by evidence |
| Explanatory theory | Tie together facts and draw conclusions |
| Predictive theory | Hypothesis made from theories |
| Properties of theories | Testable, falsifiable, and parsimonious |
| Testability | Ability to be tested on/for |
| Falsifiability | Ability to be proven or disproven |
| Parsimoneousness | Simplest explanation with the least amount of assumptions needed to be true |
| Hypothesis | A proposed explanation for a situation ("If A, then B") |
| Construct | A hypothetical internal attribute that cannot be directly observed but is useful for describing and explaining behavior/ variables that are hard to define and cannot be directly observed |
| Operational Definition | Observable/measurable definition of constructs (physiological, behavioral, self report) |
| Conceptual definition | Textbook/dictionary meaning of something |
| Independent variable | Experimental variable that is changed by the experimenter, impacts the dependent variable |
| Dependent variable | Experimental variable that is affected by change of the independent variable and is measured |
| Descriptive research | Systematic observation and classification of a single variable of interest (large data pools, not casual) |
| Types of descriptive research | Surveys, focus groups, case studies, observational research |
| Survey | Method where all participants are asked the same questions; quick and easy but not detailed |
| Case Study | An in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people; not easily generalizable; focus on non-repeatable/testable events (extraordinary) |
| Naturalistic Observation | Passive; observers do not change or interact with behavior |
| Participant Observation | Active; scientist is interacting with study group |
| Laboratory Observation | Systematic observations made within a lab setting; highly detailed |
| Reactivity | Phenomena where participants act differently if they know they are being watched (overproduction of demand characteristics) |
| Demand Characteristics | What is being studied in an experiment |
| Correlational Research | A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship/association between two variables (how variables are related); NOT CAUSAL |
| Directionality Problem | Unknown which variable affects the other (does A cause B or B cause A?) |
| Third-variable Problem | Unknown if a third variable affects the other variables (does C affect A and B?) |
| Correlation Coefficient | Between +1.0 (positive, variables move in same direction) and -1.0 (negative, variables move opposite), with zero being no correlation |
| Experiment | A research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality between two or more variables |
| Causal claims | Cause-and-effect claims; A causes B; certain and tested |
| Random Assignment | Each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any experimental group (provides most accurate data) |
| Random Sample | Each member of the chosen population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study |
| Confound | Irrelevant variable that can alter results; threat to internal validity |
| Double-blind experiment | Situation where neither the participant nor the experimenter know which condition/group is being tested |
| Quasi-experiment | Experimental design where random assignment is not possible |
| Field experiment | Experimental design conducted in the 'real world' with no control over the environment |
| External validity | Ability to be generalized (How broad can the findings be applied?) |
| Internal validity | Causal validity (Are there confounds in the study? Is the effect due to the test or an outside variable? How well established are the relationships) |
| Reliability | The consistency of a measure (same results every time the test is run) |
| Validity | Correctness (is the test returning the results you are testing for) |
| Replication (Test-retest reliability) | Repeating and experiment and getting the same results |
| Interrater Reliability | Close agreement between highly trained raters/scorers of a test criteria |
| Descriptive Statistics | Statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries (describes the data) |
| Construct validity | How valid are the operationalizations (measures) being used? |
| Inferential statistics | Extend conclusions from sample to population based on data (always probabilities, can never be proven) |
| Mean | Average of a data set |
| Median | Halfway mark in a set of data |
| Normal distribution/curve | Symmetrical probability function (bell curve) where majority of the results will fall within a given percentage of the median value |
| WEIRD Samples | White, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic; majority of test populations/samples (issue for external validity) |
| Open science | Public access to researchers methods, tools, data, and experiments |
| Replication | A study can produce similar results when performed multiple times |
| Reproduction | A study/test can be done in the same way it was done the first time (does not guarantee same results) |
| Informed consent | Participant consents to be a part of the study after being made fully aware of the conditions and possible risks of the study |
| Research Ethics Board | Federally regulated board that assesses ethics of a study before it can be conducted |
| Debriefing | Explaining the procedure to the patient after the experiment has finished and giving them all the needed information |
| Animal Care Commitee | Federally regulated board that assesses ethics of animal studies before they can be conducted |
Created by:
doctorpenguin
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