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micro test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| disinfection | the reduction of the number of pathogenic microorganisms to a point where they pose no danger of disease |
| antiseptic | A chemical agent that can safely be used externally on living tissue to destroy microorganisms or inhibit their growth. |
| disruption of the cell membrane causes: | Loss of selective permeability |
| autoclave | sterilizes objects at 15 lb/in2 and at 121ºC for 15 minutes |
| cold treatment | merely retards the activities of most microbes. |
| ionizing radiation | ejects orbital electrons from an atom, causing ions to form |
| chlorine | – forms hypochlorous acid when added to water |
| hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): | germicidal effects are due to toxic reactive oxygen |
| _____is the easiest/cheapest way to prevent the spread of disease | hand washing |
| Silver nitrate | prevents gonococcal infections in newborns. |
| • crystal violet (Gram staining) | – Blocks cell wall synthesis |
| selective toxicity | harms the microbe, but not the host |
| Antibacterial Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall of _____ | Penicillins |
| • The aminoglycoside antibiotics attack bacterial ribosomes but not _____ | eukaryotic ribosomes. |
| sulfonamides | Interfere with folate metabolism by blocking the enzyme for tetrahydrofolate synthesis |
| fluoroquinolones | – Broad spectrum antimicrobials that inhibit DNA unwinding enzymes, thereby stopping DNA transcription |
| polymyxins | Act as a detergent to distort the shape of cell membranes causing the release of proteins and nitrogen bases |
| Inactivate the drug | penicillinase cleaves beta-lactam ring |
| New Approaches to Antimicrobial Therapy 2 | Using bacteriophages |
| superinfection treatment | with broad-spectrum antibiotics can kill the normal microbiota and allow other organisms not affected by the antimicrobial to invade. |
| disease | a health disturbance that prevents a body from carrying out its normal functions |
| pathogenicity | the capacity to cause disease |
| _torch_ Diseases | • Common infections of fetus and neonate |
| capsules | prevent phagocytosis by white blood cells |
| streptokinase | dissolves blood clots frees pathogens trapped in blood clots so that they can spread to other tissues |
| exotoxins | • _exotoxins soluble proteins secreted by the pathogen |
| • _hemolysins | exotoxins that lyse (rupture) red blood cells. |
| • _focal infection | confined to a specific area of the body. |
| symptoms | – characteristics of a disease that can be felt or observed by the patient. – Pain, nausea, headache, etc. |
| prodromal phase | Short period during which mild, nonspecific symptoms appear. |
| zoonoses | diseases transmitted under natural conditions to humans from other vertebrate animals |
| vector | – an animal that transmits infectious organisms from one host to another |
| fomites | doorknobs |
| morbidity_ rate | – Number of individuals affected by a disease during a set period of time in relation to the total number in the population. |
| epidemic | – disease increasing beyond what is expected for that population |
| innate defenses | born with them, nonspecific, act immediately |
| • _phagocytizes | • First to arrive during an immune response (inflammation) |
| Lymphocytes | t cells, b cells |
| thymus | • Site for T cell maturation |
| Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) | • Also called GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) • _traps_ incoming microbes from food |
| Phagocytosis | • The ability to ingest and digest large particles |
| macrophages | can take-up permanent residence in the lung (alveolar), liver (Kupffer) and skin (Langerhans). |
| function | • _mobilize_ and attract immune components and white blood cells to the site of injury • Aid in the repair of tissue damage |
| • _diapedisis_ | - Movement of white blood cells from the bloodstream into the tissues |
| fever | • Caused by pyrogens – _reset_ the hypothalamic thermostat (increase temperature) |
| • _alternative_ | activated when complement proteins bind to cell wall or surface components of microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
| compliment stages | membrane attack |
| iron binding proteins | – _lactoferrin_ (milk, blood, tears, saliva) |
| – _lactoferrin_ | (milk, blood, tears, saliva) |
Created by:
paigefigs
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