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What developments paved the way for the Scientific Revolution and how?
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How did Copernicus propose to correct the weaknesses in the inherited model of the cosmos?
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History Ch16.
History Ch16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What developments paved the way for the Scientific Revolution and how? | Inventions of the compass, gunpowder, printing, and lenses. Humanist recovery & translation of ancient texts. Printing helped spread these ideas to wider audience. Voyages of discovery and collaboration between artisans & intellects |
| How did Copernicus propose to correct the weaknesses in the inherited model of the cosmos? | his solution, based on math calcs, to show that ptolemy was wrong, earth wasnt station or at the cntr of the syst, it rotatd on axis and orbtd w/ other syst and simplified the geom, made the orbits more comprehens. |
| To what extent did breakthroughs depend on new observations? To what extent on new theories? | Ast Tycho Brahe carefully obsrvd & strudied the hvns for 20+ yrs. Kepler inherited Tycho's obs and showed that 2 of copernicus's assumptions did not match observ. Kepler's theories about the magnetic forces between sun and planets pvd way 4 newton l8tr |
| Was Galileo a success? Why? | Astronomer and Mathematician, He popularized a non-aristotelian approach to science. Silenced by the inquisition, Galileo's works were smuggled out of Italy a published in Holland where his new phil flourished. |
| What thinkers were important in the development of science as a practice? | Thinkers like Francin Bacon, Rene Descartes. Believed knowledge was power and advocated an inductive approach to knowledge from evidence, observation, and conclusions. Descartes was intellectually restless "I think therefore I am" emph deductive reasoning |
| What institutions were important in the development of science as a practice? | Royal Society of London - commitd to the exp and collab work among nat philopsphrs. gave them a place to rch agreemnt on matter of fact. French Academy of Science - devoted to nat phil as a coll enterprise. enabled exchange of info acrss national bdries |
| What problems did newton solve? | Showed that while light was diff clrs. provided mathematical tools to model motion in space. early works on gravity, math basis for orbit of planets |
| Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) | Polish astronomer who advanced the radical idea that the earth moved around the sun in De Revolutionibus. |
| Johannes Kepler (1571-1601) | Elaborated on and corrected Copernicus's theory particularly about planetary orbits. |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Italian physicist and inventor. The implication of his ideas raised the ire of the Catholic Church and he was forced to retract most of his findings. |
| Discourse on Method | Philosophical treatise by Rene Descartes (1596-1650) proposing that the path to knowledge was through logical speculation beginning with one's own self: "I think therefore I am." |
| Novum Organum | Work by English statesman and scientist Francis Bacon (1561-1626) that advanced a philosophy of study through observation. |
| Isaac Newton (1642-1727) | English scientist and mathematician noted for his work on light applied math to motion in space gravity and math basis for orbits of planets. |
| Francis Bacon | British Philosohper and scientist who pioneered the scientific method and inductive reasoning. Argued that thinkers should amass evidence from observation and draw general conclusions from them |
| Heliocentric | Sun centered view of the planetary system which displaces the earth from the center of the universe. |
| Aristotelian | The thought that objects in the universe could move only if actived on by an external force. Confirmed the belief in the purposefulness of God's universe. |
| Question: After being criticized by Robert Hooke | Newton retired to his study to investigate |
| Question: Faced with a charge of heresy by the Inquisition | Galileo recanted his belief in Copernicanism. |
| Question: In 1727 Newton | died and was buried at Westminster Abbey. |
| Question: Which of the following works was not written by Galileo | On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres |
| Question: In 1616 the De Revolutionibus of Copernicus was: | placed on the Index of Forbidden Books. |
| Question: Tycho Brahe: | became court astronomer to the Holy Roman Emperor. |
| Question: Maria Sibylla Merian is best known for her: | Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam. |
| Question: The scientific method as established by Descartes is called: | the deductive method. |
| Question: Which of the following English scientific thinkers was not a scientist? | Francis Bacon |
| Question: The scientific method as worked out by Bacon is called: | the inductive method. |
| Question: Which scientist studied the cellular structure of plants? | Robert Hooke |
| Question: The expression cogito ergo sum best describes the philosophical underpinnings of which 17th century thinker? | Rene Descartes |
| believed that everything had been created according to mathematical laws | believed that everything had been created according to mathematical laws. |
| Question: Galileo made his first defense of the Copernican system in his: | Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina de Medici. |
| Question: Newton presented his laws of universal gravitation in: | Principia Mathematica. |
| Question: Which of the following statements about the Royal Society is incorrect? | Although considered a genius Isaac Newton was never asked to be a member. |
| Question: Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes agreed that: | science needed to free itself from blind authority in the past. |
| Question: During the seventeenth century the most innovative scientific work: | moved out of the universities. |
| Question: Which of the following was not one of the changes brought about by the scientific revolution? | a geocentric theory of the universe |
| Question: Who is most responsible for creating the inductive scientific method? | Francis Bacon. |
| Question: To the astronomers of the Middle Ages | the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy were:Aristotle and Ptolemy. |
| Question: Which pairing is incorrect? | Pascal -- applied mathematical skills to politics |
| Question: Galileo: | was fascinated with the problem of the motion of objects on a moving earth. |
| Question: According to Descartes if the universe were only matter in motion then: | the whole system could be understood objectively. |
| Question: As a result of Galileo's trial | the "new science" would flourish in:northwest Europe. |
Created by:
Jadesty