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relationships
a-level psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| evolution | each living thing has characteristics encoded by genes inherited from parents variations are caused by variations in the genotype |
| environment | opportunities and threats |
| needs of an organism | live to reproductive age mate successfully ensure offspring's survival |
| natural selection | ability to attract a male and reproduce successfully attributes that increase reproductive values continue |
| anisogamy | differences between male and female sex cells (gametes) |
| intersexual selection | selection between two sexes preferred female strategy quality over quantity |
| intrasexual selection | occurs between same-sex to access mates competition preferred male strategy quantity over quality |
| examples of intersexual selection | large female breasts attraction to richer males attraction to younger females preference for older men preference for hip to waist ratio |
| examples of intrasexual selection | male aggression deer antlers |
| examples of both intersexual and intrasexual selection | large peacock's tail increased male body size/strength |
| Singh - the perfect hip to waist ratio | experiments in different societies at University of Texas presented with figure drawings that are all the exact same expect for the hip to waist ratio men prefer 36-24-36 ratio inferred that they were healthy, fertile and not pregnant |
| Buss (1989)- gender differences in mate preferences method | questionnaires on demographic information ( e.g age, gender and marital status) and preferences for variables ( e.g intelligence, sociability and financial prospects ) 10,000 37 different cultures |
| Buss (1989)- gender differences in mate preferences results | women preferred gaining resources (e.g money,safety) men preferred reproductive capacity (e.g youth) |
| Buss (1989)- gender differences in mate preferences conclusion | women have a limited access to resources needed for themselves and their offspring evolved ( sexual selection) to select mates who can provide these resources men are limited by access to fertile women evolved, attracted to women more fertile |
| Buss (1989)- gender differences in mate preferences evaluation | strengths- similar results across cultures, universality weakness- not truly representative, hard to include rural and less educated populations |
| Buss and Schmidt (1993)- sexual strategies theory | men and women apply various different strategies for choosing partners, depending on the situation evolved to meet the different requirements they have long term and short term partners e.g women assess genes, men availability and fertility short term |
| Buss and Schmidt (1993)- sexual strategies theory evaluation | strengths- Buss (1989), Singh waist to hip ratio weaknesses- more similarities than differences, more cultural/social than gender differences -social determinants, e.g women don't have an opportunity to provide in some societies -animal evidence |
| Matching partners hypothesis | attractive people expect an attractive partner couples who are equally matched are happier |
| how does self-fulfilling prophecy impact matching? | physically attractive people are described as kind,strong, sociable and successful the belief that good looking people will have such characteristics makes them more attractive, more positive towards them |
| the halo effect | focusing on only one positive aspect of your partner, encouraging you to stay in the relationship, clouding you overall opinion and impression e.g in abusive relationships |
Created by:
emsteel
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