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Modules 74-80
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
| central route persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
| cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| peripheral route persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
| role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
| social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| conformity | adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| informational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| norm | an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior |
| social facilitation | improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
| social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| discrimmination | in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
| ingroup bias | the tendency to favor our own group |
| ingroup | "Us"--people with whom we share a common identity |
| just-world phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| other-race effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. (Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. |
| outgroup | "Them"--those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
| scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
| aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| frustration-aggression principle | the principle that frustration--the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger, which can generate aggression |
| social script | culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations |
| companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
| equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. |
| mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
| passionate love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
| self-dislosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
| altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
| GRIT | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction--a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
| mirror-image perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive |
| reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those needing their help |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
Created by:
margaret_05
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