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Psych Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | System that allows us to retain information |
| Memory Encoding | Process of converting info into a form that can be stored in memory |
| Memory storage | Process of retaining info in memory |
| Memory retrieval | Process of accessing stored info to make it available to consciousness |
| Retrieval cues | Cues associated with the original learning that facilitated the retrieval of memories |
| Three-stage model | A model of memory that posits 3 distinct storages of memory; sensory, short-term, long-term |
| Sensory memory | Storage system that holds memory of sensory impressions for a short time |
| Sensory register | A temporary storage device for holding sensory memories |
| Iconic Memory | A sensory store for holding a mental representation for a visual image for a fraction of a second |
| Eidetic imagery | Mental representation of a visual image (photographic memory) |
| Echoic memory | A sensory store for holding a mental representation of a sound for a few seconds after it registers in the ears |
| Short-term memory | Memory subsystem that allows retension/processing of newly acquired info-max 30 seconds |
| Chunking | Process of enhancing retention of a large amount of info by breaking it down into smaller, more easily recalled chunks |
| Maintenance rehearsal | Process of extending retention of info held in short-term memory by consciously repeating the information |
| Long-term memory | Memory subsystem responsible for long-term storage of info |
| Consolidation | Process of converting short- term memories into long-term memories |
| Elaborative rehearsal | Process of strengthening new memories by forming meaningful association between info and existing memories or knowledge |
| Semantic network model | Representation of organizational structure of long-term memory |
| Levels of processing theory | Belief that how well/long info is remembered depends on depth of encoding/processing |
| Declarative Memory | Memory of facts and personal info that requires a conscious effort to bring to mind |
| Semantic memory | Memory of facts |
| Episodic memory | Memory of personal experiences |
| Retrospective memory | Memory of past experiences or events and previously acquired information |
| Prospective memory | Memory of things one plans to do in the future |
| Implicit memory | Memory evoked without any conscious effort to remember |
| Explicit memory | Memory accessed through conscious effort |
| Constructionist theory | Theory that holds that memory is not a replica of the past but a reconstruction of the past |
| Procedural memory | Memory of how to do things, such as ride a bicycle, climb stairs, perform math equations |
| Flashbulb memories | Enduring memories of emotionally charged events that seem permanently seared in the brain |
| Misinformation effect | Form of memory distortion that affects eyewitness testimony and is caused by misinformation provided during retention interval |
| Decay theory | Theory of forgetting that posits that memories consist of traces laid down in the brain that gradually deteriorate and fake away over time |
| Savings method | Method of testing memory retention by comparing numbers of trials needed to learn material with the number of trials needed to relearn the material at a later time |
| Massed versus spaced practice effect | Tendency for retention of learned material to be greater with spaced practice than with massed practice |
| Interference Theory | Belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with each other |
| Retroactive interference | Form of interference in which newly acquired info interferes with retention of material learned earlier |
| Proactive interference | Form of interference in which material learned earlier interferes with retention of newly acquired info |
| Overlearning | Practice repeated beyond the point necessary to reproduce material without error |
| Serial position effect | Tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than items in the middle of a list |
| Primary effect | Tendency to recall items better when they are learned first |
| Recency effect | Tendency to recall items better when they are learned last |
| Retrieval theory | Belief that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories |
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | An experience in which people are sure they known something but cannot seem to bring it to mind |
| Repression | In Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety evoking material |
| Free recall | A type of recall task in which individual are asked to recall as much info as they can about a particular topic in any order |
| Recognition task | A method of measuring memory retention that assesses the ability to select the correct answer from a range of alternative answers |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Loss of memory of past events |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Loss/impairment of ability to form/store new memories |
| Dissociative amnesia | Amnesia involving the "splitting off"from memory of traumatic/troubling experiences |
| Engram | Lashley's term for the physical trace of etching of a memory in the brain |
| Long term potentiation (LTP) | Long term strengthening of neural connections as the result of repeated stimulation |
| Mnemonic | Device for improving memory |
| Acrostic | A verse or saying in which a latter of each word stands for something else |
| Constructive processing | Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information |
| Hindsight Bias | Tendency to falsely believe through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event |
| False memory syndrome | Creation of inaccurate/false memories through the suggestion of others, often while person is under hypnosis |
| False positive | Error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus not actively in memory |
| Misinformation effect | Tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter memories of the event itself |
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