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Psych Chapter 7

TermDefinition
Cognition Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information
Cognitive Psychology Branch of psychology that explores how we acquire knowledge about the world
Thinking Process of representing and manipulating info in our mind
Mental Image A mental picture or representation of an object or event
Concepts Mental categories for classifying events, objects, and ideas on the basis of common features ex. cars, pets
Logical Concepts Concepts with clearly defined rules for membership ex. solving a math problem
Natural Concepts Concepts with poorly defined rules for membership ex. freedom, honor, justice
Algorithm Step by step set of rules for solving a problem
Heuristic A rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgements/decisions
Mental Set Tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past-may not be appropriate to the present situation
Functional fixedness Tendency to perceive objects as limited to the customary functions they serve
Decision making Form of problem solving in which we must select a course of action from among available alternatives
Confirmation Bias Tendency to maintain allegiance to initial hypothesis despite strong contradictory evidence
Representativeness heuristic Rule of thumb for making a judgement that assumes a given sample is representative of the larger population from which it is drawn
Availability heuristic Tendency to base decisions on examples that come to mind
Creativity Solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways
Divergent thinking Ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects
Convergent thinking Attempt to narrow down a range of alternatives to converge on the one correct answer to a problem
Conceptual combinations Combinations of two or more concepts into one concept, resulting in creation of a novel idea or an application
Conceptual expansion Expanding familiar concepts by applying them to new uses
Brainstorming Method of promoting divergent thinking by encouraging people to propose solution to a problem without judgement
Language A system of communication composed of symbols, words, hand signs, etc. forms of meaningful expression
Grammar Set of rules governing symbols in a given language.
Morphemes Smallest units of meaning in a language
Syntax Rules of grammar that determine how words are ordered within sentences and phrases to form meaningful expressions and semantics
Semantics Set of rules governing meaning of words
Language acquisition device Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally
Linguistic relativity hypothesis Proposition that the language we use determines how we think and how we perceive the world
Intelligence Capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully effectively in adapting to the environment and pursing one's goals
Mental age A representation of a person's intelligence based on age of people who are capable of performing at same level of ability
Intelligence Quotient Measure of intelligence based on performance, on tests of mental abilities, expressed as a ratio between mental age and chronological age or derived from deviation of one's scores from the norms for age group
Norms Standards used to compare an individuals performance on a test
Reliability Refers to the consistency of test scores over time
Validity Degree to which a test measures what it purposes to measure
Culture fair tests Tests designed to eliminate cultural biases
Mainstreaming Practice of placing children with special needs in a regular classroom environment
Primary mental abilities Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, memory, inductive reasoning, perceptual speed, verbal fluency, spatial relations
Multiple intelligences Garder's term for the distinct types of intelligence that characterize different forms of intelligence
Triarchic theory of intelligence Sternberg's theory of intelligence that posits three aspects of intelligence; practical, analytical, creative
Crystallized Intelligence Represents acquired knowledge and skills
Fluid Intelligence Problem solving/adaptability in unfamiliar situations
Created by: Sydboyer15
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