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Psych Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience |
| Classical conditioning | Process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response identical or similar to one that was originally elicited by another stimulus as the result of the pairing and association of the two stimuli |
| (UR) unconditioned Response | An unlearned response to a stimulus |
| (US) Unconditioned stimulus | Stimulus that elicits an unlearned response |
| (NS) Neutral stimulus | Stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response |
| (CR) Conditioned Response | An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus |
| (CS) Conditioned stimulus | A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous Recovery | Spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction |
| Reconditioning | Process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction |
| Stimulus Generalization | Tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response |
| Stimulus Discrimination | Tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical, fail to elicit a conditioned response |
| Conditioned emotion response (CER) | Emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning |
| Phobias | Excessive fears of particular objects or situations |
| Behavior therapy | A form of therapy that involves systematic application of the principles of learning |
| Law of effect | Thorndike's principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to occur, vice versa unpleasant effects are less likely to occur |
| Operant conditioning | Process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated |
| Skinner Box | An experimental apparatus developed by B. F Skinner for studying relationships between reinforcement/behavior |
| Operant Response | A responses that operates on the environment to produce certain consequences |
| Reinforcer | A stimulus/event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated |
| Radical Behaviorism | Philosophical position that free will is an illusion and that human and animal behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences |
| Superstitious Behavior | In Skinner's view, behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement |
| Positive reinforcement | Strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs |
| Negative reinforcement | Strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus after a response occurs |
| Primary reinforcers | Reinforcers, such as food or sexual stimulation, that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives |
| Secondary reinforcers | Learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers |
| Discriminative Stimulus | A cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response |
| Shaping | A process of learning that involves the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response |
| Schedules of reinforcement | Predetermined plans for timing the delivery of reinforcement |
| Schedule of continuous reinforcement | A system of dispensing a reinforcement each time a response is produced |
| Schedule of partial reinforcement | A system of reinforcement in which only a portion of responses is reinforced |
| Fixed-interval (FI) Schedule | Reinforcement is given only for a correct response made after a fixed amount of time has elapsed since last reinforcement |
| Fixed-ratio (FR) Schedule | Reinforcement is given after a specified number of correct responses |
| Variable-ratio (VR) Schedule | Number of correct responses needed before reinforcement is given, varies around some average number |
| Variable-interval (VI) Schedule | Amount of time must elapse before reinforcement can be given for a correct response is variable rather than fixed |
| Escape Learning | An organism learns to escape an aversive stimulus by performing an operant response |
| Avoidance learning | The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an aversive stimulus |
| Punishment | The introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs which leads to the weakening or suppression of the response |
| Positive punishment | An aversion or unpleasant stimulus is imposed as a consequence of an undesirable behavior, which over time tends to reduce frequency of that behavior |
| Behavior modification (B-mod) | Systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior |
| Token Economy program | A form of behavior modification in which tokens earned for performing desired behaviors can be exchanged for positive reinforcers |
| Programmed instruction | A learning method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that learners master at their own pace |
| Cognitive learning | Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it |
| Insight learning | Process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs. |
| Latent learning | Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided |
| Cognitive map | A mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observational behavior, imitating the behavior of others |
| Instinctive drift | Tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns |
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