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AP 2 - Book
Lecture 14 - Anatomy of the Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A coordinated communication system within the body | Nervous System |
| Nervous System is comprised of 3 specific systems: | Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System |
| The processing center for the Nervous System | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| The Central Nervous System sends and receives information from what System? | Peripheral Nervous System |
| The Central Nervous System includes the: 1 2 | 1. Brain 2. Spinal Cord |
| The Peripheral Nervous System includes: 1 2 | 1. 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves 2. 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves |
| An involuntary system of the Peripheral Nervous system, which sends messages to the internal organs, glands, blood vessels and Heart | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Two types of Brain cells: | Glial Cells and Neurons |
| Surround the Neurons, providing them with oxygen and nutrients, and regulate the biochemial balance of the brian? | Glial Cells |
| A specific type of Glial cell that the Blood-Brain barrier is composed of? | Astrocytes |
| The Blood-Brain Barrier composed of Astrocytes prevents what? | Substances in the blood from entering the brain |
| The functional unit of the Nervous System | Neurons |
| Purpose of the Neuron | to conduct electrical impulses |
| Characteristics of a Neuron: 1. 2. | I. Irritability 2. Conductivity |
| The ability to react when stimulated | Irratibility |
| The ability to transmit a disturbance to a distant point | Conductivity |
| The Neuron is composed of: 1 2 3 | 1. Cell Body 2. Dendrite 3. Axon |
| A nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and cell membrane | Cell Body |
| Thread-like attachments to the Cytoplasm having special receptors at the ends - sensory nerve fibers which receive and transmit impulses to the Cell Body | Dendrite |
| Nerve fiber attached to the Cell body, serving as the conductive pathway of the Neuron - transmits impulses away from the Cell Body | Axon |
| Neurons are classified according to their function which are: 1 2 3 | 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Interneurons |
| Processes and interprets sensory information sent from the spinal cord - functions to interpret, organize, and store information | Brain |
| The Brain is protected by 8 Skull Bones, which form the Cranial Cavity or Cranium, which include the: 1-8 | 1. Frontal bone 2. Ethmoid bone 3. 2 Parietal bones 4. Sphenoid bone 5. 2 Temporal bones 6. Occipital Bone |
| Three protective coverings or membranes separated by spaces, that enclose the Brain and Spinal Cord? | Meninges |
| Meninges: 1 2 3 | 1. Dura Mater 2.Arachnoid 3. Pia Mater |
| Outer most Meningeal layer that is composed of tough fibrous connective tissue? | Dura Mater |
| The Dura Mater is composed of what two layers throughout the Cranium: 1 2 | 1. The outer periosteal layer that lines the Cranial Bones 2. The inner Meningeal layer that protects the Brain and supports the blood vessels |
| What is formed where the two layers of Dura Mater separate and are formed to pool blood before draining into the Internal Jugular Veins? | Venous Sinuses |
| Blood from the Venous Sinuses drain into here, which then drains blood from the Brain to the Superior Vena Cava | Internal Jugular Vein |
| A fold formed by the Dura Mater dipping into the Brain, which separates the two Cerebral Hemispheres of the Brain? | Falx Cerebri |
| Middle Meningeal layer; avascular delicate membrane that resembles a "spider's web" | Arachnoid layer |
| Innermost Meningeal layer; very thin, highly vascular membrane that covers the entire surface of the Brain and Spinal Cord | Pia Mater |
| Spaces between the Meninges: 1 2 3 | 1. Epidural space 2. Subdural space 3. Subarachnoid space |
| Meningeal space between the bony Cranial Cavity and the Dura Mater | Epidural Space |
| Meningeal space between the Dura Mater and Arachnoid | Subdural Space |
| Meningeal space between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater that is filled with Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Subarachnoid Space |
| Acts as a shock absorber and source of nutrients in the Brain located in the subarachnoid space? | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| The Brain Tissue consists of: 1 2 | 1. Inner White Mater 2. Outer Gray Mater |
| Located under the Cerebral Cortex, contains axons with Myelin Sheath (fatty substance forming a covering over nerve fibers) | Inner White Mater |
| Millions of neuron cell bodies and exposed nerve fibers (dendrites) which composes the outer layer of the folds of the Cerebral Cortex? | Outer Gray Mater |
| Three general Regions of the Brain (by location): 1 2 3 | 1. Forebrain 2. Midbrain 3. Hindbrain |
| Largest portion of the brain, occupying the superior region? | Forebrain |
| Short, constricted region of the Brain between the Forebrain and Hindbrain? | Midbrain |
| Posterior of the three primary divisions of the brian? | Hindbrain |
| Comprises the majority of the Forebrain | Cerebrum |
| The Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres: 1 2 | 1. Corpus Callosum 2. Cerebral Cortex |
| A tract or bundle of nerve fibers between the two hemispheres of the Cerebrum? | Corpus Callusum |
| What connects the left and right sides of the Brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres - transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the Brain hemispheres? | Corpus Callusum |
| Surface of the Cerebrum directly beneath the Skull where most of the Brain's information is stored - has many grooves and ridges which increases the surface of the Brain, resulting in larger amounts of Gray Mater? | Cerebral Cortex |
| Deep Furrows in the Cerebral Cortex | Fissures |
| Smaller, shallower ditches in the Cerebral Cortex | Sulci |
| Elevations or ridges in the Cerebral Cortex | Gyri or Convolutions |
| 5 lobes within the Cerebrum (4 of which correspond to the Cranial bones which overlay them): 1 2 3 4 5 | 1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Occipital Lobe 4. Temporal Lobe 5. Insula or Central Lobe |
| Lobe of the Brain associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, and problem solving | Frontal Lobe |
| Lobe of the Brain associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli | Parietal Lobe |
| Lobe of the Brain associated with visual processing | Occipital Lobe |
| Lobe of the Brain associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech | Temporal Lobe |
| Lobe of the Brain associated with emotion and the regulation of the body's homeostasis | Insula or Central Lobe |
| Communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid located within the parenchyma of the Cerebrum | Ventricles |
| Divide the Cerebrum into locations and lobes | Fissures |
| Five major fissures of the Brain: 1 2 3 4 5 | 1. Longitudinal fissure 2. Transverse fissure 3. Central fissure/Fissure of Rolando 4. Lateral fissure/Fissure of Sylvius 5. Parieto-Occipital fissure |
| Fissure that divides the Cerebrum into Right and Left Hemispheres | Longitudinal Fissure |
| Fissure that divides the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum posteriorly | Transverse Fissure |
| Fissure that divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal Lobe | Central Fissure/Fissure of Rolando |
| Fissure that divides the Frontal Lobe from the Temporal Lobe | Lateral Fissure/Fissure of Sylvius |
| Fissure that separates the Occipital Lobe from the Parietal and Temporal Lobes | Parieto-Occipital Fissure |
| Interconnected by small openings and channels, eventually becoming continuous with the Subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord | Ventricular System of the Brain |
| Functions of the Ventricular System of the Brain: 1 2 3 4 | 1. Absorbs physical shocks to the brain 2. Provides Chemically stable environment 3. Distributes nutritive materials to nervous tissue 4. Removes wastes from nervous tissue |
| The Ventricle System of the Brain is composed of: 1 2 3 4 | 1. 2 Lateral Ventricles 2. Third Ventricle 3. Fourth Ventricle 4. Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| Located in the right and left cerebral hemispheres on either side of the longitudinal fissure - consists of a body and three horns - communicates with the 3rd ventricle by the Interventricular Foramen or Foramen of Monroe | Lateral ventricles |
| located in the midline, posterior and inferior to the Lateral Ventricles - Pineal Gland is attached to it posteriorly and connected to the 4th ventricle by the Cerebral Aqueduct passageway | Third Ventricle |
| Passageway that connects the 3rd and 4th Ventricle | Cerebral Aqueduct or Aqueduct of Sylvius |
| Diamond shaped structure inferior to the 3rd ventricle in the midline of the cerebrum | Fourth ventricle |
| Openings at the ends of the Lateral Recesses that connect both sides of the 4th Ventricle with the Subarachnoid Space | Foramen of Lushka |
| An enlarged area of the Subarachnoid space located inferiorly to the 4th Ventricle | Cisterna Magna |
| CSF is drained from the 4th Ventricular system into the Cisterna Magna via the? | Foramen of Magendie and Foramen of Luschka |
| A clear colorless liquid that surrounds the Brain and Spinal Cord | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| Where is the Cerebrospinal Fluid which fills the ventricles and Subarachnoid Space produced? | In the Choroid Plexus lining of the Ventricles |
| Function of the Cerebrospinal Fluid? | 1. Cushion the Brain 2 shock absorber for the CNS 3. Circulates nutrients and chemical filtered from the blood and waste products from the brain |
| Second portion of the Forebrain | Dienchephalon |
| Structures in the Diencephalon: 1 2 3 4 | 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pituitary Gland 4. Pineal Gland |
| A large, dual lobed mass of grey matter buried under the Cerebral Cortex between Forebrain and Midbrain - sensory perception/motor function, receives auditory/visual sensory signals from spinal cord to cerebral cortex, controls sleep and awake consiousnes | Thalamus |
| Located under the Thalamus, right above the brain stem, primary function is homeostasis | Hypothalamus |
| Lies below Hypothalamus in a fossa of the Sphenoid bone called the Sella Turcica - also referred to as Hypophysis - most important Endocrine gland in the body "Master Gland" - controls the other glands of the body | Pituitary Gland |
| Pine cone shaped gland of the Endocrine system located between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the 3rd Ventricle - attaches Endocrine System with the Nervous System by converting nervous signals to hormone signals - produces melatonin | Pineal Gland |
| Area of the Brain that regulates emotion and memory | Limbic System |
| Plays an important role in planning and coordinating motor movements and posture, inhibits unwanted muscular activity | Basal Ganglia |
| Plays an important role in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial orientation | Hippocampus |
| Involved in the processing of emotions such as fear, anger, and pleasure | Amygdala |
| Smallest region of the brain, often included in the brainstem, contributes to coordination of movements and sense of balance | Midbrain |
| Also called the Rhombencephalon and includes the Brainstem that provides the connection between the Spinal Cord and the rest of the Brain | Hindbrain |
| Butterfly-shaped and located at the back of the Brain | Cerebellum |
| Located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata - serves as a two way conductive pathway for nerve impulses between the cerebellum and brainstem - center of respiratory control for Auonomic Nervous systems | Pons |
| An extension of the Dura Mater that separates the Cerebellum from the inferior portion of the Occipital Lobe | Tentorium Cerebelli |
| Narrow median strip that unites the right and left hemispheres | Vermis |
| Controls breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing and sneezing | Medulla Oblongata |
| The region of the brain that connects the Cerebrum with the Spinal Cord | Brainstem |
| Division of the Nervous System containing all the nerves that lie outside of the Central Nervous System - its primary role is to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs and skin | Peripheral Nervous System |
| The 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves within the PNS exit the brain in an orderly fashion through various what? | Foramen within the Skull |
| 31 pairs of Spinal nerves that arise from the Spinal Cord consist of: 1. ____ Cervical 2. ____ Thoracic 3. ____ Lumbar 4. ____ Sacral 5. ____ Coccygeal | 1. 8 2. 12 3. 5 4. 5 5. 1 |
| What type of nerve fibers relay impulses from all areas of the body, including organs, to the CNS? | Afferent |
| What type of nerve fibers carry motor impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles which are under voluntary or conscious control? | Efferent |
| Part of the Peripheral Nervous System that acts largely below the level of consciousness, controlling visceral (organ) functions (heart rate, digestion, arousal, perspiration, urination, etc)? | Autonomic Division (Involuntary Nervous System) |
| Chains of cells which are interconnections lying on either side of the Spinal Cord | Ganglia |
| Two divisions of the Autonomic Division (Involuntary Nervous System): 1 2 | 1. Sympathetic Division 2. Parasympathetic Division |
| Functions include "fight or flight" responses | Sympathetic Division |
| Functions include "rest and digest" responses | Parasympathetic Division |
| Long thin tubular bundle of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata to the level of T12-L2 - exits out the skull at the Foramen Magnum of the Occipital bone at the conus medullaris near the 2nd Lumbar vertebrae | Spinal Cord |
| Pointed end of the Spinal Cord | Conus Medullaris |
| Anchors the spinal cord in place to the Coccyx | Filum Terminale |
| Resembles a "horses tail", a mass of descending lumbar and sacral nerve roots beginning at the end of of the spinal cord | Cauda Equina |
| Triangular shaped cavity that gives rise to the spinal nerves supplying the upper limb, located at approx. C4-C6 | Cisterna Magna |
| Enlargement where spinal nerves supply the lower limbs; begins at approx. C9-L1 | Lumbar Cisterna |
| The main pathway for information connecting the Brain and Peripheral Nervous System | Spinal Cord |
| 3 main functions of Spinal Cord: 1 2 3 | 1. Conduit for motor information 2. Conduit for sensory information (reverse direction to the brain) 3. Center for coordinating certain reflexes |
| Composed of myelinated axons arranged in two lateral columns or tracts (ascending and descending) | Outer White Mater |
| Sensory Tract which serves as a pathway to the Brain from the Spinal Cord | Ascending Tract |
| Motor Tract which transfers impulses from the Brain to the spinal cord | Descending Tract |
| Composed of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies with nerve fibers arranged into the shape of the letter "H" | Inner Gray Mater |
| The Transverse bar of the "H" - narrow central canal containing CSF | Gray Commissure |
| Two Columns of the "H" - posterior, made up of sensory cell bodies, the origin of the dorsal roots of spinal nerves | Dorsal Horns |
| Two Columns of the "H" - Anterior, made up of motor cell bodies, origin of the ventral roots of the spinal nerves | Ventral Horns |
| Axons of Afferent sensory neurons travel into the spinal cord via the _____ roots | Dorsal |
| Axons from Efferent motor neurons leave the spinal cord bringing information to the periphery of the body via the _____ roots | Ventral |
| Nerves supplying the muscles and skin of head, neck, shoulder and chest | Cervical Plexus |
| Nerves supplying the upper limbs | Brachial Plexus |
| Nerves supplying the buttocks, pelvis, abdomen, and lower limbs | Lumbosacral Plexus |
| Head CT exam without contrast media | unenhanced |
| Head CT exam with contrast media | enhanced |
| The presence of contrast media outside the normal vascular system indicates a what? | Abnormality |
| The most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumors | Glioblastoma |
| Clinical Indications for a Head CT: | Tumors, metastatic lesions, CVA, Trauma, Headaches, Circulatory pathology Hydrocephalus, Congenital abnormalities |
| Hemorrhage after head trauma | Brain Bleed |
| If blood and contrast medium look similar on a CT image - what CT is performed? | Head CT without contrast |
| Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel | Aneurysm |
| The buildup of CSF in the Ventricles, putting pressure on the brain | Hydrocephalus |
| Pathological structures best demonstrated with MR imaging: | MS, Neoplasm, Metastatic Brain Tumors, AIDS Diseases, Hemorrhage disorders, CVA (stroke), Ischemic disorders |
| Brain tumor | Neoplasm |
| Cancer that has spread to the brain or other parts of the body | Metastatic Brain Tumors |
| An autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord (CNS) | Multiple Sclerosis |
| The name multiple sclerosis refers to? | Scars |
| Stroke caused by a blockage | Ischemic Stroke |
| Stroke caused by a breakage in a blood vessel | Hemorrhagic Stroke |
| Disadvantage of MR compared to CT | Cannot be used in acute head trauma |
Created by:
teresachristensen
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