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psych chapt 2
eriksons and piagets thoeries of developent
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abstract thinking | in Piaget's theory, a way of thinking that does not rely on being able to see, visualise, experience or manipulate in order to understand something |
| accommodation | in Piaget's theory, changing a pre-existing mental idea to fit new information |
| adaptation | in Piaget's theory, taking in, processing, organising and using new information in ways to adjust to change |
| animism | in Piaget's theory, the belief that everything which exists has some kind of consciousness |
| assimilation | in Piaget's theory, taking in new information and fitting it into a pre-existing mental idea |
| attachment | the emotional bond which forms between an infant and another person |
| autonomy vs shame and doubt | the second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development involving children aged 18 months to 3 years involving a conflict between autonomy at one extreme and shame and doubt at the other |
| biological factor | in the biopsychosocial model, a physiologically based or determined influence, often not under our control, such as the genes we inherit |
| biopsychosocial model | an approach to describing and explaining how biological, psychological and social factors combine and interact to influence an individual's behaviour and mental processes, including mental wellbeing, sometimes called the biopsychosocial approach or theory |
| centration | in Piaget's theory, the cognitive ability to focus on only one quality or feature of an object or event at a time |
| classification | in Piaget's theory, the ability to organise objects or events into categories based on common features that set them apart from other categories |
| cognitive development | developmental changes in mental abilities developmental changes in mental abilities |
| concrete operational stage | Piaget's stage of development when mental operations can only be applied to 'concrete' objects or events that are immediately present |
| conservation | in Piaget's theory, understanding that certain properties of an object can remain the same even when its appearance changes |
| emotion | a complex reaction pattern to a personally significant event or matter that involves a mixture of physiological responses, subjective feelings and expressive behaviour |
| emotional development | developmental changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and how these feelings are expressed, interpreted and dealt with |
| environment | generally, the physical context or situation in which an event occurs; in relation to the nature-nurture debate, all the experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed throughout our entire lifetime; also referred to as nurture |
| expressive behaviour | in relation to emotion, an overt expression of behaviour which communicates an emotion |
| generativity vs stagnation | stage 7 of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development that corresponds with adulthood and involves a psychosocial crisis of generativity at one extreme and stagnation at the other |
| goal-directed behaviour | in Piaget's theory, to perform and successfully complete a sequence of actions with a particular purpose in mind |
| heredity | transmission of characteristics from biological parents to their offspring via genes at the time of conception; |
| idealistic thinking | in Piaget's theory, comparing oneself and others to a perfect standard and striving towards being like that ideal |
| identity vs role confusion | stage 5 of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development that corresponds with adolescence and involves resolving the conflict between identity at one extreme and role confusion at the other |
| industry vs inferiority | stage 4 of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development that corresponds with primary school and involves a conflict between industry at one extreme and inferiority at the other |
| initiative vs guilt | stage 3 of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development that typically occurs between the ages of 3-5 and involves a conflict between initiative at one extreme and guilt at the other |
| integrity vs despair | the 8th and final stage of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development that occurs when most of a person's life's work is nearing completion and there is time for reflection |
| intimacy vs isolation | stage 6 of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development that occurs between the ages of 18-25 and involves a conflict between intimacy at one extreme and isolation at the other |
| life span development | the changes in an organism that occur from birth through to and including old age |
| mistrust | to be suspicious of or have no confidence in something or someone |
| object permanence | in Piaget's theory, understanding that an object still exists even if it cannot be seen, heard or touched |
| physiological response | in relation to an emotion, bodily change that occurs during its experience |
| psychological factor | in the biopsychosocial model, an internal, mental process and influence such as the effects of our prior experiences, memories and ways of thinking |
| psychosocial development | in Erikson's theory, change involving both psychological processes taking place within the individual ('psycho') and their experiences with other people ('social') |
| reversibility | in Piaget's theory, the ability to mentally follow a sequence of events or line of reasoning back to its starting point |
| role confusion | in Erikson's theory, an individual's sense of not knowing who they are, where they belong, to whom they belong or where they are headed in life |
| secure attachment | a type of attachment proposed by Ainsworth where there is a positive relationship and the infant feels safe and secure |
| sensorimotor stage | the first stage in Piaget's theory (0-2 years), when infants explore and learn about the world primarily through their senses and motor activities |
| separation anxiety | the distress and uneasiness experienced by a child when away (or facing the prospect of being away) from the person or people to whom they are attached |
| shame | in Erikson's theory, an individual's sense of humiliation and embarrassment |
| social behaviour | any action that is influenced, directly or indirectly, by the actual, imagined, expected, or implied presence of others |
| social factor | in the biopsychosocial model, an influence from the external social environment in which we interact with others, such as the range and quality of our interpersonal relationships with family, and our cultural background |
| Strange Situation | a test to measure the attachment relationships a child has with their parent |
| subjective feeling | in relation to an emotion, its inner personal experience by an individual |
| symbolic thinking | in Piaget's theory, the ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to represent objects that are not physically present |
| transformation | in Piaget's theory, understanding that something can change from one state to another |
| trust | in Erikson's theory, an individual's sense of the world as a safe, caring, orderly and predictable place |
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lozdog
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