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u7 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| memory | persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info |
| storage | process of retaining encoded info over time |
| encoding | processing of info into the memory system, for example- by extracting meaning |
| revival | process of getting info out of memory storage |
| parallel | processing of many aspects of a problem simulatneously the brain's natural mode of info processing for many functions constrasts w/ step-for-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving |
| sensory memory | imediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number when dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten |
| long-term memory | relatively permanent and limitless store sense of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experience |
| working memory | never understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial infp, and of info retrived from long-term memory |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare |
| effort processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned info, such as word meanings |
| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection "nondeclarative men" |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photo-graphic or picture-image memory testing no more than a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 secs or 4 |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, managable units; often occurs automatically |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term mention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading info. also sometimes referred as a retrieval practice or test enhanced learning |
| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
| deep processing | encoding semanticallyl based on the meaning of the wordsl tends to yield the best retention |
| hippocampus | a neural center located in the lymbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage |
| flash bulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation, believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| recall | measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as an a fill-in the- blank test |
| mood-congruent memory | tendency to recall experience that are consitent w/ one's current good or bad mood |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first (recnecy) items in a list (primacy) |
| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
| proactive inference | disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info |
| retroactive inference | disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that basnishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| misinfo effect | incorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event |
| source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (source misttribution) source amnesia, along w/ misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories |
| dejavu | eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" cues from the current situation many unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| cognition | all the mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| prototype | mental image of best exmaples of a category mathcing new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method from sorting items info categories |
| creativity | ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
| convergent thinking | narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
| divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, contrasts w/ the usually speedies- but also move error prone use of heuristics |
| heuristics | simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficently; usually speedier but also more error-prone algorithms |
| insight | sudden realization of a rpoblem's sultion, contrasts w/ stragey-based solutions |
| confirmation bias | tendency to search for info that support our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| mental set | tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic fee,ing or thought, as contrasted w/ explicit, conscious reasoning |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypesl may lead us to ignore other relevant info |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common |
| overconfidence | tendency to be more conifdent than correct-to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement |
| belief perserverance | clining to one's inital conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| framing | the way an issue is posedl now an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
| language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
| phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| grammar | in a lang. a system of rules that enables us to communicate w/ and understand others. In a given lang, semantics is the set of rules for dericing meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences |
| morphene | in a lang. the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word |
| babbling stage | beginning at about 4 moths, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| one-word stage | stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two-word stage | beginning about age 2, stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word statements |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs |
| aphasia | impairment of lang, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or Wernike's |
| Wernike's area | controls language reception- a brain area involved in lang. comprehension and expression- ususally in the left temporal lobe |
| lingustic determination | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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_emilyyyoung_
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