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THE BEAST 2012/2022
AP Psych. College Board Cram Packet
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | Derived from physiology (biology), and philosophy. |
| Structuralism | Introspection to determine the underlying STRUCTURES of the mind. |
| Functionalism | Need to analyze the PURPOSE of behaviors. |
| Psychoanalytic/dynamics | Unconscious, childhood |
| Behavioral | Learned, reinforced |
| Humanistic | Free will, choice, ideal, actualization |
| Cognitive | Perceptions, thoughts |
| Evolutionary | Genes |
| Biological | The brain, neurotransmitter (NT) |
| Sociocultural | Society |
| Biopsychosocial | Biological, psychological, and social factors |
| Mary Calkins | First female President of APA |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | First Female to get PhD |
| Charles Darwin | Natural selection & evolution |
| Dorothea Dix | Reformed mental institutions in the U.S. |
| Stanleny Hall | First President of APA First journal |
| William James | Father of the American Psychology- functionalist |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Father of Modern Psychology -Structuralist |
| Basic Research | Purpose is to increase knowledge |
| Applied research | Purpose is to help people |
| Psychologist | Research or counseling- MS/PhD |
| Psychiatrist | Prescribes medications and diagnose -M.D. |
| Experiment Advantage | Researcher controls variables to establish CAUSE AND EFFECT |
| Experiment Disadvantage | Difficult to generalize |
| Independent Variable | Purposefully altered by researchers to look for effect |
| Experiment Group | Received the treatment, can have multiple experiment groups |
| Control Group | Placebo, baseline, can only have one |
| Placebo Effect | Show behaviors associated with the experimental group when having received placebo |
| Dependent Variable | Measured variable |
| Doubt Blind | Experiments where neither the participant nor the experimenters are aware of which condition people are assigned to |
| Single Blind | Only the participants are blind, used if experimenters can't be blind |
| Quasi | Experimental design |
| Operational Definition | Clear, precise, typically, quantifiable definition of your variables- allows replication |
| Confound | Flaw in Study |
| Random Assignment | assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random- increase chance of equal representation among groups |
| Random Sample (Selection) | Method for choosing participants for your study- everyone has a change to take part, increases generalizability |
| Representative Sample | Sample mimics the general population |
| Stratified Sampling | If you need to ensure representation sample, you can separate your population before you sample (ex 80% fem, 20% m) |
| Correlation Advantage | Identify relationship between two variables |
| Correlation Disadvantage | No cause and effect |
| Positive Correlation | Variables increase & decreases together |
| Negative Correlation | As one variable increases, the other decreases |
| 3rd Variable Problem (lurking Variable) | Different variable is responsible for relationship (breast implants & Suicide) |
| Illusory Correlation | Belief of correlation that doesn't exist (old man predicts rain from arthritis) |
| Surveys | Usually turned into correlation |
| Social Desirability | People lie to look good |
| Wording Effects | How you frame the question can impact your answers |
| Naturalistic Observation Advantage | Real world validity (observe people in their own settings) |
| Naturalistic Observation Disadvantage | No cause or effect |
| Case Study Advantage | Studies ONE person in great detail, lots of information |
| Case Study Disadvantage | No cause or effect |
| Descriptive Stats | Shape of the data |
| Mean | Average (use in normal distribution) |
| Median | Middle # (use in skewed distribution) |
| Mode | Occurs most often |
| Skews | Created by outlers Neg=left, pos=right |
| Inferential Statistics | Establishes significance |
| Statistical Significance | Results not due to chance, exp. manipulation caused the difference in means |
| Confidentiality | Name kept secret |
| Informed Consent | Must agree to be part study |
| Debriefing | Must be told the true purpose of the study |
| Neuron | Basic cell of the nervous system |
| Dendrites | Receive incoming neurotransmitters |
| Soma | Cell Body |
| Axon | Action Potential travels down this |
| Myelin Sheath | Speeds up action potential down the axon, protects axon, MS destorys this |
| Terminals | Release neurotransmitters - sending signal onto next neuron |
| Vesicles | Sacs inside terminal contain neurotransmitters |
| Synapse | Gap between neurons |
| Action Potential | Movement of Na and K ions across membranes sending an electrical charge down the axon (more Na outside like a salty banana) |
| All or none law | Stimulus must trigger an action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response |
| Refractory Period | Neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential |
| Sensory Neurons | Receive Sense signals |
| Afferent Neurons | Brain Accepts signals |
| Motor Neuron | Signals to Move |
| Efferent Neuron | Signal Exists brain |
| Interneurons | Cells in spinal cord responsible for reflex loop |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Rest of the nervous system |
| Somatic Nervous System | Voluntary movement |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Involuntary movement (heart, lungs, ect.) |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Arouses the body fight/flight |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Established homeostasis after a sympathetic response |
| Neurotransmitters (NT) | Chemical released in synaptic gap, received by neurons |
| GABA | Major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| Glutamte | Major excitatory NT (get excited when you see your friends) |
| Dopamine | Reward & movement |
| Serotonin | Mood & Emotion |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | Memory |
| Epinephrine & norepinephrine | Sympathetic nervous system arsousal |
| Endorphins | Pain Control |
| Agonist | Drug that mimics a neurotransmitter |
| Antagonist | Drug that blocks a neurotransmitter |
| Reuptake | Unused neurotransmitters are taken back up into the sending neuron. |
| Hindbrain | Oldest part of the brain |
| Cerebellum | Movement/balance |
| Medulla | Vital organs |
| Pons | Bridge between regions- basic function |
| Reticular formation | Alertness |
| Forebrain | Higher thought processes |
| Amygdala | Emotions, fear |
| Hippocampus | Memory |
| Hypothalamus | Reward/pleasure center, eating behaviors - linked to endocrine system |
| Thalamus | Relay center for all but smell |
| Cerebral Cortex | Outer portion of the brain - higher order thought processes |
| Occipital Lobe | Vision |
| Frontal Lobe | Decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality |
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Manda_
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