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TBI
PSYC370C- Traumatic Brain Injury
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acquired Brain Injury | - about 1.5 million Canadians - Brian injury occurring AFTER birth - includes TBI and non-traumatic brain injuries |
| Traumatic Brain Injury | - brain injury secondary to external force applied to brain - NOT progressive - improved functioning often occurs - often results in loss of consciousness - includes concussion |
| Non-Traumatic Brain Injury | - brain injury secondary to other causes of neurological damage - includes strokes, tutors, infections (ex. meningitis), toxic agents (ex. alcohol), & metabolic disturbances (ex. diabetes) |
| Head Injury | - older term that was used for as if = w/ TBI (BUT NOT THE SAME!) - term can be applied to facial & scalp injuries with or without brain injuries (ex. falling over) |
| Concussion | - often used interchangeably with mTBI - common in many sports & recreational activities - results in loss of consciousness (~30mins), PRA????? |
| Coma | - prolonged state of unconsciousness - persons eye closed, no verbal responses/ purposeful movements, unresponsive to stimulation from environment ( pain) - can be due to brain hemorrhage, reduced oxygen to brain cells, increased intracranial pressure |
| Assaults | - interpersonal violence accounts for TBIs - more common in high-density urban settings - weapon offences more common in US - intimate partner violence higher in women, disabled, & marginalized groups - can be worse when under stress |
| Abusive Head Trauma | - Shaken Baby Syndrome - babies' necks unable to adequately support their large head - shaking/striking baby causes developing brain tissues to move forcefully inside skull - signs include irritability, reduced alertness, lethargy, vomiting, & seizures |
| Sport-Related Concussion | - male teens & adults: football, ice hockey, lacrosse, wrestling soccer - female teens & adults: soccer, lacrosse, ice hockey, equestrian - other sports: motor sports, hang-gliding, field hockey |
| Blast Injuries | - biochemical changes in rat brains unlike those seen in TBI from motor vehicle accidents - cognitive deficits in rats similar to those seen in delayed mTBI in armed forces personnel |
| Penetrating Brain Injuries | - results in fractured/perforated skull, torn meninges, & damage to brain tissues - caused by agent (ex. knife), fragments of fractured skull - penetrating agents can be low velocity (ex. blow to head) 25% or high velocity (ex. bullet from rifles) 47% |
| Non-Penetrating Brain Injuries | - more indirect brain injury - skull fracture possible - meninges intact - likely due to secondary degree damage - dame caused by acceleration & deceleration forces (whiplash), impact trauma, non acceleration forces |
| Primary Effects of TBI | - diffuse axonal injury (torn) - caused by angular acceleration forces in white matter - widespread throughout brain - causes more severe damage than linear acceleration -primary brainstem injury - diffuse vascular injury - primary focal injuries |
| Secondary Effects | - Intracranial hematomas - increased intracranial pressure - hypoxia - infection - seizures - increased risk of dementia |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | - eye opening - verbal response - motor response |
| Comprehensive Level of Consciousness Scale | - resting eye position - spontaneous eye opening - other eye movements - pupillary reflexes - posture - motor activity - responsiveness - communicative effort |
| Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale | - different levels that range from total assistance (level 1-3), max assistance (level 4-5), and mod assistance (level 6-8) |
| Mini-Mental State Examination | |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment | |
| Galveston Orientation & Amnesia Test | - PTA duration - orientation to person, place, & time - memory for events before & after injury - takes 3-15mins |
| Tried Test of Head Injury | - orientation/attention - following spoken commands - reading comprehension - naming - visuospatial skills - takes 20-30mins |
| Comprehensive Assessment | - attention & memory skills - social/ verbal reasoning/judgement skills - executive function skills - augmentative & alternative communication - swallowing abilities |
| Attention Process Training Test | |
| Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test | |
| Memory | -categorized in different ways: declarative, implicit, procedural, working, prospective, semantic, and episodic |
| Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test | -assesses episodic memory, prospective memory, procedural memory, & spatial memory in context of everyday tasks |
| Ross Information Processing Assessment | -assesses recent & remote memory, orientation, recall of information, auditory processing & retention, problem solving, & reasoning |
| Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory | -assess prospective memory -takes 10-15mins |
| Executive Function Skills | -includes: self-initiation, self-monitoring, planning, prioritization, goal setting, time management, flexibility, & organization |
| Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome | -assesses problem solving, metal flexibility, abstract thinking, judgement of time (time management) |
| Executive Function Performance Test | -assesses ability to perform everyday tasks, such as paying bills, taking medication, making oatmeal |
| Functional Assessment of Verbal Reasoning & Executive Strategies | -Assesses goal setting, weighing of facts, generation of alternative flexibility, & predicting consequences in context of everyday tasks (eg. planning daily activities) |
| Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System | -assess problem-solving, planning, impulse control, creativity, initiation, attention, inhibition, & flexibility of thinking |
| Scale of Cognitive Ability for TBI | -assesses perception/discrimination, orientation, organization, recall, & reasoning -uses auditory & visual modalities -subtests can be given separately |
| Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function- Adult Version | -self & informant-ratings of executive function skills (can be used for adolescents with TBI) |
| La Trobe Communication Questionnaire | -measure perceived difficulties with social communication after TBI -paired 30-item questionnaire -best administer 'interview style' by clinician but can be lengthy -good validity & reliability |
Created by:
mariablv1999
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