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AP Psych Unit 4

QuestionAnswer
Classical Conditioning Associate 2 stimuli to anticipate events. Response is automatic and involuntary
Operant Conditioning Associate a response and its consequence. Behavior is voluntary.
Observational Learning Watching others be rewarded or punished
Cognitive Learning Learning things we haven't experienced or observed
Habituation When repeated stimulation produces waning responsiveness
Associative Learning Learning that certain events occur together. Associations may be positive or negative
Ivan Pavlov Behaviorist, discovered classical conditioning by studying dogs' digestive systems
Stimulus Any event or situation that evokes a response
Response The behavior that follows the stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus Unlearned, automatic
Unconditioned Response Unlearned, automatic
Conditioned Stimulus Learned by pairing with unconditioned stimulus
Conditional Response Automatic response to conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Operant Conditioning Learning which behavior increases with reinforcers, and decreases with punishment
Law of Effect Behaviors followed by favorable reinforcements will increase
Reinforcement Anything that increases a behavior
Positive Reinforcement Adding something desirable to increase a behavior
Negative Reinforcement Removing something aversive to increase a behavior
Shaping An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior closer to the desired behavior
Discriminative Stimulus Telling the difference between similar stimuli
Continuous Reinforcement Reinforce a behavior every time it occurs
Partial Reinforcement Reinforce behavior some of the time
Fixed Ratio Schedule Reinforcement occurs after a set number of reponses
Variable Ratio Schedule Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed Interval Schedule Reinforcement occurs after a set length of time
Variable Interval Schedule Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time
Evolutionary Perspective We learn what helps us survive
Taste Aversion (John Garcia) Rats avoided what made them sick
Instinctive Drift The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
Latent Learning Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Insight Abrupt solution to a problem
Intrinsic Motivation The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Overjustification Effect Promising a reward for a behavior that is already intrinsically motivated may decrease the desire to do it
Extrinsic Motivation The desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards/avoid punishment
Albert Bandura Children who observe aggressive actions are more likely to behave aggressively
Vivacious Reinforcement/Punishment We experience things through watching others
Mirror Neurons Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another's actions
Prosocial Modeling Positive, constructive, helpful behavior
Violence-Viewing Effect Viewing media violence can cause aggression
Observational Learning Learning without direct experience by watching and imitating adults
Learned Helplessness When you give up after repeated attempts to stop a negative stimulus fail
Problem-Focused Coping Deals directly with the challenge
Emotion-Focused Coping Deals with the negative emotions around the challenge
Biofeedback Process of monitoring and responding to physical changes to improve mental wellbeing
Created by: nataliastornello
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