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u4 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sensation | sensory receptors and NS receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| perception | organizing and interpreting sensory information, allowing us to recognize meaning objects and events |
| bottom-up processing | analysis that begins w/ the sensory receptors and works upo to the brain’s integration of sensory info |
| top-down processing | info processing guided by higher level thinking, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations |
| selective attention | focusing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| in-attentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment |
| transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another; in sensation, transforming stimulus energies (sights, sounds, smells) into nerves impulses our brain can interpret |
| psychoanalysis | study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
| signal detection theory | predicting how and when we detect the presence of a fain stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) assumes no single absolute threshold |
| subliminal | below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| priming | below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| absolute threshold | minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time- as a just noticeable difference |
| webers law | to be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant percentage( rather than an amount) |
| sensory adaption | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| extra sensory perception (ESP) | controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition |
| parapsychology | study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
| wavelength | distance from the peak of 1 light or sound wave to the peak of the next electromagnetic wavelength, vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to long pulses |
| hue | dimension of color that is determined by wavelengths of light |
| intensity | amount of energy in a light or sound wave, brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude |
| pupil | adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| iris | ring of muscle tissue that focuses the colored part of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening |
| lens | transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| accommodation | the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, greasy, and white; peripheral and twilight (?) vision when cones don’t respond |
| cones | retinal receptors cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well lit conditions; fine details and color sensations |
| optic nerve | carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| blind spot | point when the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because no receptor cells are located there |
| feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus; shape, angle, or movement |
| parallel processing | processing multiple aspects of a problem simultaneously, natural mode of info processing for many functions (vision) contrast w/ the step-by-step processing |
| young-helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory | retire contains 3 different color receptors; red, green, and blue- when simultaneously in combination can produce the perception of any color |
| opponent-process theory | opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow- blue, white-black) enable color vision, some cells stimulate different |
| gestalt | an organized whole-tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes |
| figure-ground | organization of the visual field into objects that stand out |
| grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent group |
| depth perception | ability to see objects in 3D, although the images that strike the retina are 2D, allows us to judge distance |
| visual cliff | lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
| binocular cues | depth cues, such as retinal display, that depend on the use of 2 eyes |
| retinal disparity | binocular cue for perceiving depth and composing images from the retinas in 2 eyes, brain commutes distance |
| monocular cues | depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone |
| phi phenomena | an illustration of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights clink on and off in quick succession |
| color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths |
| perceptive adaptation | ability to adjust to a displaces or even inverted visual field |
| audition | sense or act of hearing |
| frequency | number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
| pitch | a tone’s experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency |
| middle ear | chamber between the eardrum and cochlea contains 3 tiny holes (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrums on the cochlea’s oval window |
| cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear, sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger curve impulses |
| inner ear | inner most part of the ear, contains the cochlea, semi-circular cancels, and vestibular sacs |
| sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, nerve deafness |
| conduction hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| cochlear implant | device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea |
| place theory | in hearing, the rate of nerve impulses traveling is the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone |
| gate-control theory | spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that clocked pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain |
| kinesthesia | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
| vestibular sense | sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance |
| sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another |
| embodied cognition | in psychological science, influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments |
Created by:
_emilyyyoung_
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